In recent years, several studies at the international level (Berger et al. 2011; Borgonovi & Pál, 2016; Govorova et al., 2020) have emphasized the centrality of the concepts of well-being, participation and active citizenship in the pedagogical and educational discourse addressed to schools, highlighting how they are not only intimately related to each other, but also in close connection with the major issue of learning and school success (academic proficiency). This shift in perspective is evidenced by the latest OECD-PISA tests (Borgonovi & Pál, 2016), which for the first time integrated the assessment of learning with the detection of the perception of well-being and the quality of the social climate at schools – believed to be central variables in influencing the motivation to learn and, consequently, also school performance. Awareness of this virtuous circularity between participation, agency, well-being in school and learning, which places school experience in a broader, more holistic, and multidimensional framework than reductionist views focused solely on outcomes and performance, also emerges with great clarity from student voices, today as in the past. In fact, from a retrospective and critical analysis outlined by the authors of this paper, it is possible to follow the red thread that unites the Student Voice matrix research experiences (Cook-Sather, 2020; Fielding, 2012) conducted by the authors over the past decade which have involved students, particularly high school students, as specific informants regarding school experience in Italy (Pastori, 2014; Mantovani & Pastori, 2015; Pastori, 2017; Pagani, Maiorano & Pastori, forthcoming). What emerges, in particular, is a continuity – as evident as it is discouraging – of the critical issues noted by the young participants when taking stock of their experience in Italian secondary schools: the prevalence of a transmissive idea of education, occupied with imparting notions and completing curricula rather than promoting critical thinking and the active role of learners in the learning process; a lack of attention to the social, relational, and emotional dimensions, aspects still considered mere accessories and not intrinsically connected to the cognitive and intellectual dimensions; a “deaf” closure to social and contemporary issues that contributes to corroborating a perception of the lack of significance and disconnection with the lives of students; a context that fails to empower civic and citizenship growth. In this paper, particular reference will be made to two recent qualitative studies situated within the ecological paradigm and phenomenological epistemology (Denzin & Lincoln, 2011; Mortari, 2007) carried out by the authors with secondary school students in Lombardy: 1) Scuola in Pandemia (School during the Pandemic. The voice of high school students), conducted at the end of the 2020-2021 school year that involved 176 students from five schools in online and in-person focus groups between May and June 2021, urging them to reflect on the meaning they attributed to their last school year marked by distance and, from a constructive perspective, to make proposals for improving in-person school; 2) Dall'occupazione alla partecipazione (From Occupation to Participation. Students’ reflections on rethinking secondary education), conducted from March to June 2022, which involved 36 students from 10 schools in a reflection on the school system starting from their experience of occupying their institutions, which in many cases resulted in the writing of manifestos for school change addressed to the adult world, teachers, principals and politicians. In both studies, how the Covid-19 pandemic exposed and sometimes exacerbated pre-existing fragilities in the Italian school system clearly emerged, making the need for deep and systemic change, also strongly felt by students, even more evident. What are the central dimensions in rethinking schooling for students? What needs do they express and what fundamental needs do they see as not being met? And what perspectives for change do they outline? The results highlight how reimagining the school beyond the emergency requires going beyond a didactic reorganization. Rather, it is necessary to rethink and value the school as a space imbued with relationships and where students can explore their identity; a training ground for active citizenship in which they can find their voice and let it be heard; a place where well-being, participation and learning are inextricably linked. These are not new educational questions, but it is interesting that the students themselves are lucidly posing them. It is also fascinating to observe how, in their words – even in the spontaneity and simplicity of the vocabulary they use – the existential, pedagogical and didactic cores formalized by great thinkers such as Dewey, Freire and Morin are present (Pastori, 2022; Pagani, Maiorano, Pastori, forthcoming), and are also traceable in national and international frames of reference for education and educational systems (Council of Europe, 2016; UNESCO, 2018; Agenda 2030, UN 2015). Students both want to and can make a significant contribution to the public debate on the school system, which is still often marked by dichotomies that in their eyes appear outdated (instructing vs. educating, school of sociality vs. school of learning), and offer valuable insights for rethinking school and teacher training. It seems central to investigate what conditions and processes enable teachers to reinterpret their role through the perspective of students and to exercise leadership capacity in a democratic perspective, capable of promoting collaboration and the construction of a shared and explicit “teaching and educational contract” that mobilizes active contribution by both parties. In this vein, reflections from some pilot experiences will be presented.
Negli ultimi anni diversi studi a livello internazionale (Berger et al. 2011; Borgonovi & Pal, 2016; Govorova et al., 2020) hanno sottolineato la centralità dei concetti di benessere, partecipazione e cittadinanza attiva per il discorso pedagogico e didattico rivolto alla scuola, evidenziando come essi non solo siano tra loro intimamente legati, ma anche in stretta connessione con il grande tema degli apprendimenti e del successo scolastico (academic proficiency). Questo cambiamento di prospettiva è testimoniato dalle ultime prove OCSE-PISA (Borgonovi & Pál, 2016), che per la prima volta hanno integrato la valutazione degli apprendimenti con la rilevazione della percezione di benessere e della qualità del clima sociale della scuola – ritenute variabili centrali nell’influenzare la motivazione ad apprendere e, di conseguenza, anche la prestazione scolastica. La consapevolezza di questa circolarità virtuosa tra partecipazione, agency, benessere nella scuola e apprendimenti, che colloca l’esperienza scolastica in una cornice più ampia, olistica e multidimensionale rispetto a visioni riduzionistiche incentrate unicamente sugli outcome e la performance, emerge con grande chiarezza anche dalle voci degli studenti, oggi come in passato. Dall’analisi retrospettiva e critica tracciata dagli autori del presente contributo è possibile infatti cogliere un filo rosso che unisce le esperienze di ricerca di matrice Student Voice (Cook-Sather, 2020; Fielding, 2012) condotte dagli autori negli ultimi dieci anni e che hanno coinvolto gli studenti, in particolare di scuola superiore, quali informatori specifici sull’esperienza scolastica nel nostro Paese (Pastori, 2014; Mantovani & Pastori, 2015; Pastori, 2017; Pagani, Maiorano & Pastori, forthcoming). Emerge, in particolare, una continuità – tanto evidente quanto sconfortante – delle criticità rilevate dai giovani partecipanti nel tracciare un bilancio della loro esperienza nella scuola secondaria di II grado italiana: la prevalenza di un’idea depositaria di educazione, preoccupata di impartire nozioni e completare i programmi, e non di promuovere il pensiero critico e il ruolo attivo dei discenti nel processo di apprendimento; una scarsa attenzione alla dimensione sociale, relazionale, emotiva, aspetti ancora considerati semplici accessori e non intrinsecamente connessi alla dimensione cognitiva e intellettuale; una chiusura “sorda” nei confronti dei temi sociali e contemporanei che contribuisce ad avvalorare una percezione di scarsa significatività e di disconnessione con la vita degli studenti; un contesto poco “capacitante” rispetto a una crescita civile e di cittadinanza. In questo contributo si farà in particolare riferimento a due recenti ricerche qualitative, collocate entro il paradigma ecologico e dell’epistemologia fenomenologica (Denzin & Lincoln, 2011; Mortari, 2007) realizzate dagli autori con studenti di scuola secondaria di II grado in Lombardia: 1) La scuola in pandemia. La voce di studenti di scuola superiore, condotta a fine anno scolastico 2020-2021, che ha coinvolto 176 studenti di cinque scuole in focus group online e in presenza tra maggio e giugno 2021, sollecitandoli a riflettere sul significato attribuito al loro ultimo anno scolastico segnato dalla distanza e, in ottica costruttiva, ad avanzare proposte per migliorare la scuola in presenza; 2) Dall’occupazione alla partecipazione. Le riflessioni degli studenti per ripensare la scuola secondaria di II grado, condotta da marzo a giugno del 2022, che ha coinvolto 36 studenti di 10 scuole in una riflessione sul sistema scolastico a partire dall’esperienza di occupazione dei loro istituti che, in molti casi, ha dato luogo alla scrittura di manifesti per il cambiamento della scuola rivolti al mondo adulto (insegnanti, dirigenti e politici). In entrambi gli studi emerge con chiarezza come la pandemia da covid-19 abbia messo a nudo e talora esacerbato fragilità preesistenti del nostro sistema scolastico, rendendo ancora più evidente l’esigenza di un cambiamento profondo e sistemico, fortemente sentita anche dagli studenti. Quali sono le dimensioni centrali nel ripensamento della scuola per gli studenti? Quali esigenze esprimono e quali bi-sogni fondamentali non vedono corrisposti? E quali prospettive di cambiamento tracciano? I risultati mettono in luce come, per ridisegnare la scuola oltre l’emergenza, non ci si possa fermare unicamente a una riorganizzazione didattica, ma sia necessario ripensare e valorizzare la scuola come spazio di relazione e di costruzione di identità, palestra di cittadinanza attiva, luogo in cui benessere, partecipazione e apprendimento sono inscindibilmente legati. Non si tratta di questioni educative nuove, ma è interessante che siano gli studenti stessi a porle con lucidità. È affascinante altresì osservare quanto nelle loro parole, pur nella spontaneità e semplicità del lessico utilizzato, siano presenti nuclei esistenziali pedagogici e didattici formalizzati da grandi pensatori quali Dewey, Freire e Morin (Pastori, 2022; Pagani, Maiorano, & Pastori, forthcoming), e rintracciabili anche in cornici di riferimento nazionali e internazionali per l’educazione e i sistemi di istruzione (Consiglio d’Europa, 2016; UNESCO, 2018; Agenda 2030, ONU 2015). Gli studenti vogliono e possono dare un contributo significativo al dibattito pubblico sulla scuola, ancora spesso connotato da dicotomie che ai loro occhi appaiono superate (istruire vs educare, scuola della socialità vs scuola degli apprendimenti), e offrire indicazioni preziose per ripensare la scuola e la formazione degli insegnanti. In particolare, ci sembra centrale indagare quali siano le condizioni e i processi che consentono agli insegnanti di rileggere il proprio ruolo attraverso la prospettiva degli studenti e di esercitare una capacità di leadership in prospettiva democratica, in grado di promuovere contesti di collaborazione e di costruzione di un “contratto didattico ed educativo” condiviso ed esplicito che mobiliti il contributo attivo di entrambe le parti. In questa direzione, verranno presentate le riflessioni tratte da alcune esperienze pilota.
Pastori, G., Pagani, V., Maiorano, A., Brognoli, M. (2022). Student voice e formazione insegnanti. Ricerche e riflessioni in divenire. Intervento presentato a: Convegno "La ricerca educativa per la formazione degli insegnanti", Perugia.
Student voice e formazione insegnanti. Ricerche e riflessioni in divenire
Giulia Pastori;Valentina Pagani;Alessandra Maiorano;Matteo Brognoli
2022
Abstract
In recent years, several studies at the international level (Berger et al. 2011; Borgonovi & Pál, 2016; Govorova et al., 2020) have emphasized the centrality of the concepts of well-being, participation and active citizenship in the pedagogical and educational discourse addressed to schools, highlighting how they are not only intimately related to each other, but also in close connection with the major issue of learning and school success (academic proficiency). This shift in perspective is evidenced by the latest OECD-PISA tests (Borgonovi & Pál, 2016), which for the first time integrated the assessment of learning with the detection of the perception of well-being and the quality of the social climate at schools – believed to be central variables in influencing the motivation to learn and, consequently, also school performance. Awareness of this virtuous circularity between participation, agency, well-being in school and learning, which places school experience in a broader, more holistic, and multidimensional framework than reductionist views focused solely on outcomes and performance, also emerges with great clarity from student voices, today as in the past. In fact, from a retrospective and critical analysis outlined by the authors of this paper, it is possible to follow the red thread that unites the Student Voice matrix research experiences (Cook-Sather, 2020; Fielding, 2012) conducted by the authors over the past decade which have involved students, particularly high school students, as specific informants regarding school experience in Italy (Pastori, 2014; Mantovani & Pastori, 2015; Pastori, 2017; Pagani, Maiorano & Pastori, forthcoming). What emerges, in particular, is a continuity – as evident as it is discouraging – of the critical issues noted by the young participants when taking stock of their experience in Italian secondary schools: the prevalence of a transmissive idea of education, occupied with imparting notions and completing curricula rather than promoting critical thinking and the active role of learners in the learning process; a lack of attention to the social, relational, and emotional dimensions, aspects still considered mere accessories and not intrinsically connected to the cognitive and intellectual dimensions; a “deaf” closure to social and contemporary issues that contributes to corroborating a perception of the lack of significance and disconnection with the lives of students; a context that fails to empower civic and citizenship growth. In this paper, particular reference will be made to two recent qualitative studies situated within the ecological paradigm and phenomenological epistemology (Denzin & Lincoln, 2011; Mortari, 2007) carried out by the authors with secondary school students in Lombardy: 1) Scuola in Pandemia (School during the Pandemic. The voice of high school students), conducted at the end of the 2020-2021 school year that involved 176 students from five schools in online and in-person focus groups between May and June 2021, urging them to reflect on the meaning they attributed to their last school year marked by distance and, from a constructive perspective, to make proposals for improving in-person school; 2) Dall'occupazione alla partecipazione (From Occupation to Participation. Students’ reflections on rethinking secondary education), conducted from March to June 2022, which involved 36 students from 10 schools in a reflection on the school system starting from their experience of occupying their institutions, which in many cases resulted in the writing of manifestos for school change addressed to the adult world, teachers, principals and politicians. In both studies, how the Covid-19 pandemic exposed and sometimes exacerbated pre-existing fragilities in the Italian school system clearly emerged, making the need for deep and systemic change, also strongly felt by students, even more evident. What are the central dimensions in rethinking schooling for students? What needs do they express and what fundamental needs do they see as not being met? And what perspectives for change do they outline? The results highlight how reimagining the school beyond the emergency requires going beyond a didactic reorganization. Rather, it is necessary to rethink and value the school as a space imbued with relationships and where students can explore their identity; a training ground for active citizenship in which they can find their voice and let it be heard; a place where well-being, participation and learning are inextricably linked. These are not new educational questions, but it is interesting that the students themselves are lucidly posing them. It is also fascinating to observe how, in their words – even in the spontaneity and simplicity of the vocabulary they use – the existential, pedagogical and didactic cores formalized by great thinkers such as Dewey, Freire and Morin are present (Pastori, 2022; Pagani, Maiorano, Pastori, forthcoming), and are also traceable in national and international frames of reference for education and educational systems (Council of Europe, 2016; UNESCO, 2018; Agenda 2030, UN 2015). Students both want to and can make a significant contribution to the public debate on the school system, which is still often marked by dichotomies that in their eyes appear outdated (instructing vs. educating, school of sociality vs. school of learning), and offer valuable insights for rethinking school and teacher training. It seems central to investigate what conditions and processes enable teachers to reinterpret their role through the perspective of students and to exercise leadership capacity in a democratic perspective, capable of promoting collaboration and the construction of a shared and explicit “teaching and educational contract” that mobilizes active contribution by both parties. In this vein, reflections from some pilot experiences will be presented.I documenti in IRIS sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.