Pilot study on Exoskeleton Biomechanics in a Young Population: Variations in Frequency, Speed, Force, and Power during a Physical Movement

Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are a leading cause of occupational disability and require effective preventive strategies. Passive exoskeletons are useful devices designed to reduce the biomechanical load while performing physical tasks. This study assessed the biomechanical impact of a passive shoulder exoskeleton on 16 healthy young adults (median age, 26 ± 3 years; 9 males and 7 females), stratified by age and sex. Participants performed repetitive shoulder flexion-extension movements (0°–180°) while lifting a 2 kg load for 20 s, both with and without exoskeleton assistance. Movement frequency, velocity, force, and mechanical power were recorded using the MuscleLab system. The results showed age- and sex-specific responses to the exoskeleton use. Males aged less than 26 years and females generally showed significant improvements in all biomechanical parameters when using the exoskeleton, whereas the other males reported reductions. Statistical analysis revealed significant sex differences in frequency and force (p < 0.05). These findings indicate that passive exoskeletons enhance biomechanical performance, particularly in females and males under 26 years of age, whereas the effects observed in other males tend to be negative. This variability highlights the importance of ergonomic customization tailored to user characteristics. Further research with larger cohorts is needed to confirm these findings and optimize the exoskeleton design to improve occupational health outcomes.