Children’s Independent Mobility: Antecedents and Consequences at Macro- and Microlevels

Access to several play environments, as well as exploration of public spaces and socialization with peers, is crucial for children's healthy development. Unfortunately, these opportunities have been constantly decreasing for Western children with a general decline of their independent mobility. The aim of the present contribution is to review the research literature on this topic, focusing particularly on the antecedents and consequences of this phenomenon and considering both the societal and individual levels involved. The chapter first considers the environmental, social, and cultural changes, which occurred in the last century and severely contributed to a deterioration in the relationship between children and the urban environment. It then examines the role of sociodemographic factors (children's gender, children's age, characteristics of their family) as well as psychosocial factors in affecting independent mobility. The chapter concludes with a reflection on the value of children's independent mobility which is primarily a right, not only an opportunity for children. Through independent mobility, children can acquire social, emotional, and relational skills, as well as competencies related to citizenship and participation. Children's independent mobility is a complex phenomenon with several factors (from micro to macro) interacting with each other, and for this reason, it should be encouraged developing strategies at both the individual and community levels.