Authenticity in contemporary art The authenticity of artworks and certification of authenticity is a long-standing, recurrent problem which is becoming increasingly pressing as the practice of art evolves and as the art trade attracts ever higher figures. Authenticity is important in copyright as a guarantee not only of a real connection between an artwork and its creator, the artist, to enforce and safeguard the artist’s moral right as well as for reasons of droit de suite where recognised, but also of continuity in the work’s identity over time, and consequently as a criterion for how to proceed in any future preventive conservation or restoration work. Given the creative and conceptually rich complexity of contemporary art practices, situations causing problems and lack of certainty are increasingly likely to arise. A break in the traditional sequence (of idea, (personal) creation, expression, and final material form) is typical of many contemporary artworks; they may be ephemeral or easily reproduced or their realization may be affected by their ability to be faithfully re-executed or re-enacted – as is the case with installations. All this has implications for the correct reconstruction of the identity of an artwork, in the sense of reconstruction of the artist’s intention, rather than of a concrete and definitive form. These factors all mean that certification of authenticity can often be a complex and problematic operation. Identifying, disclaiming, attributing, authenticating: there are deficiencies in definitions and regulations and inconsistencies in rules and practices in many legal systems (Italy, France, the UK, Germany and the USA). Furthermore, autonomous and original practices have evolved in the market, which may fall through the many gaps in legislation, and bring into play their own criteria and classifications: there is considerable contradiction between the law and the authentication practices of the art market, particularly when it comes to contemporary art. Legal disputes are frequent, and have recently resulted in resignations by advisory board members of well-known institutes and in the reluctance of others to issue authentication certification in order to avoid the risk of costly lawsuits brought in cases of rejections of authentication. These disputes are a clear indicator of the malfunctioning of a system which lacks ultimate authoritativeness, partly because set procedures resting on common deontological principles do not exist. The complexity of contemporary art suggests that there is a need not only to rethink methods of valuation and of certification of authenticity, but also validation of artwork production, based on documentation, with an innovative interpretation of the concept of “authenticity in archiving” and of the role of artist’s Archives. A new area for jurists is evolving: that of translating the complexity of new practices and rules into some kind of uniform whole

L’autenticità delle opere d’arte e della sua attestazione è storico e ricorrente problema sempre più pressante a fronte della evoluzione delle pratiche dell’arte e della sempre maggior rilevanza economica del loro commercio. Per il diritto d’autore l’autenticità ha rilevanza come garanzia non solo del legame autentico dell’opera con l’artista suo autore, per l’esercizio e la tutela del diritto morale dell’artista nonché ai fini del droit de suite, ove riconosciuto, ma anche della persistenza della identità dell’opera nel tempo e, di conseguenza, come criterio di condotta per eventuali interventi di conservazione preventiva e restauro. Tenuto conto della complessità creativa e concettualmente suggestiva delle pratiche dell’arte contemporanea, poi, si prospettano scenari ancor più connotati di problematicità e carenza di definitive certezze: la rottura di quella classica sequenza tra –idea – creazione (personale) – espressione - forma materiale definitiva, caratterizzante molte delle espressioni artistiche contemporanee effimere o facilmente riproducibili o la cui realizzazione è condizionata dalla loro fedele riattivazione –come avviene per le installazioni-, con tutte le implicazioni che ne derivano in ordine alla corretta ricostruzione dell’identità dell’opera, intesa quale ricostruzione dell’intenzione dell’artista, piuttosto che da una loro concreta e definitiva materializzazione, può sovente rendere complessa e problematica la certificazione di una loro autenticità. Riconoscimento, disconoscimento, attribuzione e autenticazione: si rileva una carenza di definizioni e di regolamentazioni di istituti e, rispetto anche alle regole e prassi vigenti in molti ordinamenti (Italia, Francia, Gran Bretagna, Germaina e Stati Uniti d’America), di uniformità di soluzioni. D’altra parte, nel mercato si sono affermate prassi autonome ed originali che sfuggono al dettato delle parziali ed episodiche discipline giuridiche, introducendo propri criteri e classificazioni: si registra una sostanziale aporia tra il sistema del diritto e le prassi delle autentiche del mercato delle opere d’arte, in particolare per le opere d’arte contemporanea. Tuttavia, le frequenti controversie, che all’estero hanno determinato le recenti dismissioni degli Advisory Board delle più importanti fondazioni e la desistenza da parte di altre a rilasciare autentiche per evitare gravose spese processuali a fronte delle azioni legali fondate su denegazioni di autentiche, sono sintomo significativo della problematica efficienza di questo sistema carente di definitiva autorevolezza, anche per mancanza di ricorrenti procedure quantomeno suffragate da comuni principi deontologici. La complessità dell’arte contemporanea postula non solo un ripensamento in ordine alle modalità di valutazione ed attestazione del carattere di autenticità di un’opera, ma, per la valenza della produzione che si fonda sulla documentazione dell’opera d’arte stessa, di una innovativa considerazione del concetto di “autenticità dell’archiviazione” e del ruolo degli Archivi d’artista: viene a definirsi un nuovo compito per il giurista, quello di tradurre in sistema la complessità dei nuovi ordini.

Donati, A. (2015). Autenticità, Authenticité, Authenticity dell'opera d'arte. Diritto, mercato, prassi virtuose. RIVISTA DI DIRITTO CIVILE, 4, 987-1025.

Autenticità, Authenticité, Authenticity dell'opera d'arte. Diritto, mercato, prassi virtuose

Donati, A
2015

Abstract

Authenticity in contemporary art The authenticity of artworks and certification of authenticity is a long-standing, recurrent problem which is becoming increasingly pressing as the practice of art evolves and as the art trade attracts ever higher figures. Authenticity is important in copyright as a guarantee not only of a real connection between an artwork and its creator, the artist, to enforce and safeguard the artist’s moral right as well as for reasons of droit de suite where recognised, but also of continuity in the work’s identity over time, and consequently as a criterion for how to proceed in any future preventive conservation or restoration work. Given the creative and conceptually rich complexity of contemporary art practices, situations causing problems and lack of certainty are increasingly likely to arise. A break in the traditional sequence (of idea, (personal) creation, expression, and final material form) is typical of many contemporary artworks; they may be ephemeral or easily reproduced or their realization may be affected by their ability to be faithfully re-executed or re-enacted – as is the case with installations. All this has implications for the correct reconstruction of the identity of an artwork, in the sense of reconstruction of the artist’s intention, rather than of a concrete and definitive form. These factors all mean that certification of authenticity can often be a complex and problematic operation. Identifying, disclaiming, attributing, authenticating: there are deficiencies in definitions and regulations and inconsistencies in rules and practices in many legal systems (Italy, France, the UK, Germany and the USA). Furthermore, autonomous and original practices have evolved in the market, which may fall through the many gaps in legislation, and bring into play their own criteria and classifications: there is considerable contradiction between the law and the authentication practices of the art market, particularly when it comes to contemporary art. Legal disputes are frequent, and have recently resulted in resignations by advisory board members of well-known institutes and in the reluctance of others to issue authentication certification in order to avoid the risk of costly lawsuits brought in cases of rejections of authentication. These disputes are a clear indicator of the malfunctioning of a system which lacks ultimate authoritativeness, partly because set procedures resting on common deontological principles do not exist. The complexity of contemporary art suggests that there is a need not only to rethink methods of valuation and of certification of authenticity, but also validation of artwork production, based on documentation, with an innovative interpretation of the concept of “authenticity in archiving” and of the role of artist’s Archives. A new area for jurists is evolving: that of translating the complexity of new practices and rules into some kind of uniform whole
Articolo in rivista - Articolo scientifico
Authenticity, Artist's Archive,
Opera d'arte, Autenticità, Expertise, Falso, Archivi, Catalogo ragionato.
Italian
2015
4
987
1025
reserved
Donati, A. (2015). Autenticità, Authenticité, Authenticity dell'opera d'arte. Diritto, mercato, prassi virtuose. RIVISTA DI DIRITTO CIVILE, 4, 987-1025.
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/10281/96201
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