Magnetospheric transmission function approach to disentangle primary from secondary cosmic ray fluxes in the penumbra region

The AMS-01 observations (in June 1998, on board the space shuttle orbiter Discovery) have shown the presence of primary (PCR) and secondary (SCR) cosmic rays (most of them protons) at a low Earth orbit (about 400 km altitude). The SCRs are mostly created in interactions with the atmosphere by fast PCRs and can be trapped or become reentrant albedo particles. Some of them seem to be sufficiently energetic to populate the ‘‘penumbra region’’ above the local geomagnetic cutoff rigidity. A backtracking procedure of simulated protons entering the AMS-01 spectrometer has provided the fraction of allowed (and hence forbidden) trajectories of PCRs. Consequently, it has allowed the determination of the so-called transmission function (TF) which is able to describe the properties of the PCR transport from the Earth’s magnetopause (i.e., the primary spectrum at 1 AU) to the atmosphere and finally the fluxes of the PCRs in the ten geomagnetic regions for AMS-01 observations. In the penumbra regions, the observed spectra of the AMS-01 geomagnetic regions have been found to be larger than those predicted for the PCRs in the penumbra region by means of the TF, i.e., some SCRs (mainly reentrant albedo protons) are also found to populate the rigidity regions above the local geomagnetic cutoff rigidity. The fraction of the secondary to overall particle flux in the penumbra region increases gradually as the geomagnetic latitude increases.