Transformative Challenges of AI-based Technologies on Education

AI-based technologies are reshaping education at every level, from classroom instruction and assessment to curriculum design, institutional governance, and lifelong learning. This transformation is not simply technological; it is pedagogical, ethical, and political. An educational system once structured around fixed curricula, standardized pacing, and uniform assessment is now being retransformed by adaptive AI technologies capable of personalizing learning pathways and processing vast amounts of educational data. This shift matters because education is not only about knowledge transfer; it is also about social development, identity formation, and democratic participation. Therefor UNESCO emphasizes that AI has significant potential to improve teaching and learning, but also warns that its rapid development has outpaced policy and regulation, making inclusion and equity central concerns. The aim of our research is to analyze transformative challenges of AI-based technologies on education, since these technologies can infer patterns, generate responses, and adapt in real time, thus influencing personalized learning, teaching and assessment, equity and access, ethics and governance, as well as human cognition in general.