This thesis details the study of hadronic observables in thermal QCD in the regime of very high temperature. We have focused on screening masses of both baryonic and flavor non-singlet mesonic states, in sectors with both zero (static) and non-zero (non-static) Matsubara frequencies. They are important quantities as they characterize spatial correlation in the thermal medium and quantify how efficiently strong interactions are screened at high temperatures, and they serve as ideal probes of chiral symmetry restoration. The main original contribution of this thesis is the determination of screening masses at temperatures of about 1 GeV up to about 165 GeV from first-principles non-perturbative simulations of lattice QCD with 3 flavors of massless quarks, exploiting a recently proposed strategy that allows to define and efficiently simulate the theory in the aforementioned temperature range. The baryonic screening masses, obtained with a precision of a few parts permille in the continuum, represent the first continuum-extrapolated results in the literature for these quantities. After observing a rather severe signal-to-noise-ratio problem in the non-static mesonic sector which prevented the determination of screening masses, we developed an algorithmic solution based on an efficient computation of volume-averaged correlators using random sources. This allowed us on one hand to obtain non-static mesonic screening masses with a precision at the percent level in the continuum, and on the other hand to determine static screening masses, previously computed at the permille level, with even higher accuracy. The non-perturbative, continuum-extrapolated results have been complemented by perturbative computations of the same quantities, which represent the second main contribution of this thesis. The perturbative calculations have been performed in the three-dimensional effective field theory that describes QCD at sufficiently high temperature. In particular, we have determined for the first time the next-to-leading-order correction to the free theory value of baryonic screening masses, of order $g^2$ in the strong coupling constant $g$, and the leading-order value of the difference between the screening masses of the vector and pseudoscalar mesons in the static sector – the hyperfine splitting, which turns out to be of order $g^4$. On the one hand, these perturbative results are instrumental to interpret the continuum-extrapolated lattice data and study their dependence on the temperature. On the other hand, while the comparison of the available terms of the weak coupling series with the non-perturbative data reveals qualitative agreement, it is clear that higher-power terms are necessary to quantitatively explain the lattice data over the whole temperature range in all channels and sectors considered. In this context, the hyperfine splitting proved to be particularly interesting, as we find that the bulk of the lattice data comes from terms of higher powers than the leading $g^4$, which receive contributions of non-perturbative nature. The results collected in this thesis represent a thorough investigation of hadronic properties of thermal QCD and advance our understanding of the high-temperature phase of the theory, revealing that non-perturbative effects are relevant, and in some cases dominant, up to temperatures of the order of the electroweak scale.

Questa tesi descrive in dettaglio lo studio di osservabili adroniche nella QCD termica nel regime di temperature molto alte. Si sono prese in esame le masse di screening sia barioniche sia mesoniche per stati di non-singoletto di flavor, in settori con frequenze di Matsubara nulle (settore statico) e non-nulle (settore non-statico). Le masse di screening sono quantità importanti per la caratterizzazione delle correlazioni spaziali nel mezzo all’equilibrio termodinamico e quantificano l’efficienza dello schermamento delle interazioni nucleari forti ad alte temperature; sono inoltre quantità ideali per studiare il recupero della simmetria chirale. Il principale contributo originale di questa tesi è la determinazione delle screening masses nell’intervallo di temperatura tra circa 1 GeV e 165 GeV da principi primi tramite simulazioni non-perturbative di QCD con 3 flavor di quark privi di massa definita su reticolo, adottando una strategia proposta recentemente per definire e simulare in modo efficiente la teoria a tali temperature. Le masse di screening barioniche, ottenute nel continuo con una precisione del permille, rappresentano i primi risultati estrapolati al continuo in letteratura per queste osservabili. Dopo aver identificato un severo problema di segnale su rumore nel settore non statico dei mesoni di non-singoletto di flavor, che impediva l’estrazione delle masse di screening, è stata sviluppata una soluzione algoritmica basata su un calcolo efficiente della media sul volume dei correlatori utilizzando sorgenti random. Ciò ha permesso da un lato di ottenere le masse di screening per i mesoni non-statici con una precisone del percento circa nel continuo, e dall’altro lato di determinare le masse di screening nel settore statico, calcolate in lavori precedenti con una precisione del permille, con accuratezza ancora più alta. I risultati non-perturbativi estrapolati al continuo sono stati complementati da calcoli perturbativi delle stesse osservabili, che costituiscono il secondo contributo principale di questa tesi. I calcoli perturbativi sono stati svolti nella teoria effettiva tridimensionale che descrive la QCD a temperature sufficientemente elevate. Nello specifico, sono state determinate per la prima volta la correzione next-to-leading-order al valore nella teoria libera della massa di screening barionica, di ordine $g^2$ nella costante di accoppiamento forte $g$, e il valore al leading-order della differenza tra la massa di screening del mesone vettoriale e pseudoscalare nel settore statico – lo splitting iperfine, che troviamo essere di ordine $g^4$. Da un lato, i risultati perturbativi sono essenziali per intrepretare i risultati nel continuo provenienti dal reticolo e per studiarne la dipendenza dalla temperatura. Dall’altro lato, sebbene il confronto tra i termini noti della serie in g e i dati non-perturbativi riveli un accordo qualitativo, risulta evidente che termini di ordine superiore sono necessari per avere una descrizione quantitativa dei dati provenienti dal reticolo a tutte le temperature e in tutti i canali e settori considerati. In questo contesto, lo splitting iperfine è di particolare interesse, poiché osserviamo che il grosso dei dati calcolati da reticolo proviene da termini di ordine superiore rispetto al leading-order $g^4$, termini i quali ricevono contributi di origine non-perturbativa. I risultati raccolti in questa tesi rappresentano un’indagine estensiva delle proprietà adroniche della QCD termica e portano avanti la nostra comprensione del regime di alte temperature della teoria, rivelando che gli effetti non-perturbativi sono rilevanti, e in alcuni casi dominanti, fino a temperature dell’ordine della scala elettrodebole.

Rescigno, P (2026). Screening spectrum of QCD at high temperature. (Tesi di dottorato, , 2026).

Screening spectrum of QCD at high temperature

RESCIGNO, PIETRO
2026

Abstract

This thesis details the study of hadronic observables in thermal QCD in the regime of very high temperature. We have focused on screening masses of both baryonic and flavor non-singlet mesonic states, in sectors with both zero (static) and non-zero (non-static) Matsubara frequencies. They are important quantities as they characterize spatial correlation in the thermal medium and quantify how efficiently strong interactions are screened at high temperatures, and they serve as ideal probes of chiral symmetry restoration. The main original contribution of this thesis is the determination of screening masses at temperatures of about 1 GeV up to about 165 GeV from first-principles non-perturbative simulations of lattice QCD with 3 flavors of massless quarks, exploiting a recently proposed strategy that allows to define and efficiently simulate the theory in the aforementioned temperature range. The baryonic screening masses, obtained with a precision of a few parts permille in the continuum, represent the first continuum-extrapolated results in the literature for these quantities. After observing a rather severe signal-to-noise-ratio problem in the non-static mesonic sector which prevented the determination of screening masses, we developed an algorithmic solution based on an efficient computation of volume-averaged correlators using random sources. This allowed us on one hand to obtain non-static mesonic screening masses with a precision at the percent level in the continuum, and on the other hand to determine static screening masses, previously computed at the permille level, with even higher accuracy. The non-perturbative, continuum-extrapolated results have been complemented by perturbative computations of the same quantities, which represent the second main contribution of this thesis. The perturbative calculations have been performed in the three-dimensional effective field theory that describes QCD at sufficiently high temperature. In particular, we have determined for the first time the next-to-leading-order correction to the free theory value of baryonic screening masses, of order $g^2$ in the strong coupling constant $g$, and the leading-order value of the difference between the screening masses of the vector and pseudoscalar mesons in the static sector – the hyperfine splitting, which turns out to be of order $g^4$. On the one hand, these perturbative results are instrumental to interpret the continuum-extrapolated lattice data and study their dependence on the temperature. On the other hand, while the comparison of the available terms of the weak coupling series with the non-perturbative data reveals qualitative agreement, it is clear that higher-power terms are necessary to quantitatively explain the lattice data over the whole temperature range in all channels and sectors considered. In this context, the hyperfine splitting proved to be particularly interesting, as we find that the bulk of the lattice data comes from terms of higher powers than the leading $g^4$, which receive contributions of non-perturbative nature. The results collected in this thesis represent a thorough investigation of hadronic properties of thermal QCD and advance our understanding of the high-temperature phase of the theory, revealing that non-perturbative effects are relevant, and in some cases dominant, up to temperatures of the order of the electroweak scale.
CÈ, MARCO
GIUSTI, LEONARDO
QCD su reticolo; Alta temperatura; Quark-Gluon Plasma; Teoria effettiva; Calcoli perturbativi
Lattice QCD; High temperature; Quark-Gluon Plasma; Effective theory; Perturbation theory
English
23-mar-2026
38
2024/2025
open
Rescigno, P (2026). Screening spectrum of QCD at high temperature. (Tesi di dottorato, , 2026).
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Descrizione: Tesi di dottorato dal titolo: Screening spectrum of QCD at high temperature
Tipologia di allegato: Doctoral thesis
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/10281/610806
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