Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a natural linear anionic polysaccharide belonging to the glycosaminoglycan (GAG) family. Its molecular weight (Mw) can reach up to 107 Da and it has structural and moisturising functions. It also plays key roles in cellular activities such as cell regulation, migration and adhesion, cell communication, signal transduction and wound healing. HA is widely used in the pharmaceutical industry, in medical devices and in the cosmetics industry. In the body, it has a relatively short half-life due to degradation by endogenous hyaluronidase enzymes. Chemical modification of the polysaccharide improves both its biological properties and reduces the rate of hydrolysis. HA can also be modified to interact with specific proteins. One example was the addition of a fraction containing β-D-galactose, 1-amino-1-deoxy-lactitol (LAC-NH2), to generate a new biopolymer called HYLACH®. The presence of the lactose residue allowed the interaction and sequestration of galectin-3 (Gal-3), a 30 kDa protein belonging to the lectin family, involved in various physiological and pathological processes, including idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). HYLACH® has a molecular weight (Mw) between 85 and 290 kDa, depending on the starting material. HYLACH® has a molecular weight (Mw) between 85 and 290 kDa, depending on the starting material. The degree of substitution, determined by a two-dimensional NMR method, was found to vary between 14% and 44%. Interaction studies with Gal-3, conducted using isothermal titration calorimetry and circular dichroism, demonstrated an increase in affinity. These results highlight HYLACH® and support its potential therapeutic application in IPF. The second part of the thesis focused on the interaction between PPS and platelet factor 4 (PF4). PPS is a highly sulfated semi-synthetic polysaccharide, structurally similar to heparin and, like heparin, interacts with PF4. PPS is the active ingredient in Elmiron, a drug used to treat interstitial cystitis. PPS also exhibits anticoagulant, antiviral and anti-inflammatory activity. PPS is also associated with clinical manifestations of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, an immune-mediated adverse reaction characterised by an immune response to PF4 and heparin aggregates. The formation of PF4/PPS aggregates was studied using orthogonal physicochemical and biological analyses. The size and zeta potential at the neutralisation point of PPS/PF4 complexes depended on the molar ratios of the ligand. The size and zeta potential at the neutralisation point of the PPS/PF4 complexes depended on the molar ratios of the ligand. The effect of the PPS complexes with PF4 was intermediate between those formed by PF4 with UFH and LMWH. However, immunoassay showed that PPS caused interactions with PF4 comparable to those of heparin. The final topic of the thesis concerns the encapsulation of polysaccharides in lipid nanoparticles (LNPs). These LNPs have been approved for use against COVID-19 and are characterised by low toxicity, biocompatibility and protection of the active content. Encapsulating polysaccharides within LNPs protects them from enzymatic degradation, improves their biodistribution and reduces side effects. The LNPs were produced using a microfluidic system to allow precise size control and ensure high homogeneity and excellent reproducibility. Several polysaccharides (HA, PPS and heparin) were encapsulated and characterised. The LNPs had a size <120 nm and low polydispersity, with the exception of LNP-HA. LNP-Hep were purified by size exclusion chromatography and the encapsulation efficiency was 80%. Cell studies have shown that heparin encapsulated in LNPs is able to cross cell membranes.
L’acido ialuronico (HA) è un polisaccaride anionico lineare naturale appartenente alla famiglia dei glicosaminoglicani (GAG). Il suo peso molecolare (Mw) può raggiungere fino a 107 Da e presenta funzioni strutturali ed idratanti. Svolge inoltre ruoli chiave nelle attività cellulari come la regolazione cellulare, la migrazione e l'adesione, la comunicazione cellulare, la trasduzione del segnale e la guarigione delle ferite. L'HA è ampiamente utilizzato nell'industria farmaceutica, nei dispositivi medici e nell’industria cosmetica. Nell'organismo ha un'emivita relativamente breve a causa della degradazione da parte degli enzimi ialuronidasi endogeni. La modifica chimica del polisaccaride migliora sia le sue proprietà biologiche che riduce la velocità di idrolisi. L'HA può anche essere modificato per interagire con proteine specifiche. Un esempio è stato l'aggiunta di una frazione contenente β-D-galattosio, l'1-ammino-1-desossi-lattitolo (LAC-NH2), per generare un nuovo biopolimero denominato HYLACH®. La presenza del residuo di lattosio ha permesso l'interazione e il sequestro della galectina-3 (Gal-3), una proteina di 30 kDa, appartenente alla famiglia delle lectine, coinvolta in diversi processi fisiologici e patologici, tra cui la fibrosi polmonare idiopatica (IPF). HYLACH® presenta un peso molecolare (Mw) compreso tra 85 e 290 kDa, a seconda del materiale di partenza. Il grado di sostituzione, determinato mediante un metodo NMR bidimensionale, è risultato variare tra il 14% e il 44%. Studi di interazione con la Gal-3, condotti con calorimetria di titolazione isotermica e dicroismo circolare, hanno dimostrato un incremento di affinità. Questi risultati evidenziano HYLACH® e supportano la sua potenziale applicazione terapeutica nella IPF. La seconda parte della tesi si è concentrata sull'interazione tra il PPS e il fattore piastrinico 4 (PF4). Il PPS è un polisaccaride semisintetico altamente solfatato, strutturalmente simile all'eparina e, come quest'ultima, interagisce con il PF4. Il PPS è il principio attivo di Elmiron, un farmaco utilizzato per il trattamento della cistite interstiziale. Il PPS mostra anche attività anticoagulante, antivirale e antinfiammatoria. Il PPS è anche associato a manifestazioni cliniche di trombocitopenia indotta da eparina, una reazione avversa immunomediata caratterizzata da una risposta immunitaria agli aggregati di PF4 ed eparina. La formazione di aggregati PF4/PPS è stata studiata utilizzando analisi fisico-chimiche e biologiche ortogonali fra loro. Le dimensioni e il potenziale zeta al punto di neutralizzazione dei complessi PPS/PF4 dipendevano dai rapporti molari del ligando. L'effetto dei complessi PPS con PF4 era intermedio tra quelli formati da PF4 con UFH e LMWH. Tuttavia, l'immuno dosaggio ha dimostrato che il PPS provocava interazioni con PF4 paragonabili a quelle dell'eparina. L'ultimo argomento della tesi riguarda sull'incapsulamento di polisaccaridi in nanoparticelle lipidiche (LNP). Questi LNPs sono stati approvati contro il COVID-19, sono caratterizzati da bassa tossicità, biocompatibilità, protezione del contenuto attivo. L'incapsulamento dei polisaccaridi all'interno di LNP permette di proteggere i polisaccaridi dalla degradazione enzimatica, migliorarne la biodistribuzione e ridurre gli effetti collaterali. Le LNP sono state prodotte con un sistema microfluidico, per consentire un controllo preciso delle dimensioni e garantire un'elevata omogeneità e un'eccellente riproducibilità. Sono stati incapusalti diversi polisaccaridi (HA, PPS ed eparina), e caratterizzati. Le LNPs presentavano un size <120 nm e bassa polidispersità, ad eccezione delle LNP-HA. Le LNP-Hep sono state purificate mediante cromatografia ad esclusione dimensionale e l'efficienza di incapsulamento è stata dell'80%. Studi cellulari hanno dimostrato che l'eparina incapsulata in LNP è in grado di attraversare le membrane cellulari.
Nizzolo, S (2026). Derivatization and characterization of polysaccharides to be used for the functionalization of biomaterials. (Tesi di dottorato, , 2026).
Derivatization and characterization of polysaccharides to be used for the functionalization of biomaterials
NIZZOLO, SOFIA
2026
Abstract
Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a natural linear anionic polysaccharide belonging to the glycosaminoglycan (GAG) family. Its molecular weight (Mw) can reach up to 107 Da and it has structural and moisturising functions. It also plays key roles in cellular activities such as cell regulation, migration and adhesion, cell communication, signal transduction and wound healing. HA is widely used in the pharmaceutical industry, in medical devices and in the cosmetics industry. In the body, it has a relatively short half-life due to degradation by endogenous hyaluronidase enzymes. Chemical modification of the polysaccharide improves both its biological properties and reduces the rate of hydrolysis. HA can also be modified to interact with specific proteins. One example was the addition of a fraction containing β-D-galactose, 1-amino-1-deoxy-lactitol (LAC-NH2), to generate a new biopolymer called HYLACH®. The presence of the lactose residue allowed the interaction and sequestration of galectin-3 (Gal-3), a 30 kDa protein belonging to the lectin family, involved in various physiological and pathological processes, including idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). HYLACH® has a molecular weight (Mw) between 85 and 290 kDa, depending on the starting material. HYLACH® has a molecular weight (Mw) between 85 and 290 kDa, depending on the starting material. The degree of substitution, determined by a two-dimensional NMR method, was found to vary between 14% and 44%. Interaction studies with Gal-3, conducted using isothermal titration calorimetry and circular dichroism, demonstrated an increase in affinity. These results highlight HYLACH® and support its potential therapeutic application in IPF. The second part of the thesis focused on the interaction between PPS and platelet factor 4 (PF4). PPS is a highly sulfated semi-synthetic polysaccharide, structurally similar to heparin and, like heparin, interacts with PF4. PPS is the active ingredient in Elmiron, a drug used to treat interstitial cystitis. PPS also exhibits anticoagulant, antiviral and anti-inflammatory activity. PPS is also associated with clinical manifestations of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, an immune-mediated adverse reaction characterised by an immune response to PF4 and heparin aggregates. The formation of PF4/PPS aggregates was studied using orthogonal physicochemical and biological analyses. The size and zeta potential at the neutralisation point of PPS/PF4 complexes depended on the molar ratios of the ligand. The size and zeta potential at the neutralisation point of the PPS/PF4 complexes depended on the molar ratios of the ligand. The effect of the PPS complexes with PF4 was intermediate between those formed by PF4 with UFH and LMWH. However, immunoassay showed that PPS caused interactions with PF4 comparable to those of heparin. The final topic of the thesis concerns the encapsulation of polysaccharides in lipid nanoparticles (LNPs). These LNPs have been approved for use against COVID-19 and are characterised by low toxicity, biocompatibility and protection of the active content. Encapsulating polysaccharides within LNPs protects them from enzymatic degradation, improves their biodistribution and reduces side effects. The LNPs were produced using a microfluidic system to allow precise size control and ensure high homogeneity and excellent reproducibility. Several polysaccharides (HA, PPS and heparin) were encapsulated and characterised. The LNPs had a size <120 nm and low polydispersity, with the exception of LNP-HA. LNP-Hep were purified by size exclusion chromatography and the encapsulation efficiency was 80%. Cell studies have shown that heparin encapsulated in LNPs is able to cross cell membranes.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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