Dynamic cluster analysis of gender disparities in employment, education and income: a longitudinal study in the European Union

This research examines evolving gender disparities in various European countries, focusing on employment, education, and income indicators. By employing a temporal trajectory approach, the study reveals how gender gaps have transformed, highlighting progress towards gender equality in the European Union. Clustering techniques were used to group countries based on similar trends in their dynamic paths. Over the past decade, our study confirms that there have been significant strides toward achieving gender parity in Europe, but considerable challenges and inequalities remain.