Stimulus-triggered task conflict affects task-selection errors in task switching: A Bayesian multinomial processing tree modeling approach

In the present study, we used a modeling approach for measuring task conflict in task switching, assessing the probability of selecting the correct task via multinomial processing tree (MPT) modeling. With this method, task conflict and response conflict can be independently assessed as the probability of selecting the correct task and the probability of selecting the correct response within a given task, respectively. These probabilities can be estimated on the basis of response accuracy in the different experimental conditions. In two task-switching experiments, we used bivalent stimuli and manipulated irrelevant-task difficulty by varying the saliency of the stimulus feature belonging to the irrelevant task. The more salient the taskirrelevant stimulus feature, the more salient the irrelevant task, leading to more task conflict. Consistent with this assumption, we observed that task conflict, but not response conflict, was larger when the task-irrelevant stimulus feature was made more salient. Furthermore, both task conflict and response conflict were larger when the task switched than when the task was repeated. On a methodological level, the present results demonstrate that MPT modeling is a useful approach for measuring task conflict in task switching and for dissociating it from within-task response conflict. Furthermore, the present results inform theories of task switching by showing that the task-irrelevant feature tends to activate the irrelevant task set rather than being associated with a specific response option via a direct stimulus–response route.