Two carbazole-based donor–acceptor dyes, CBZ-Gly and CBZ-EG, featuring glycerol- and ethylene glycol-like side chains, were designed and synthesized to achieve synergistic compatibility with DES-based electrolytes, and systematically investigate their impact on DSSCs performance. These dyes were tested in DSSCs employing two neat deep eutectic solvent (DES) electrolytes (choline chloride/ethylene glycol and choline chloride/glycerol) under both simulated sunlight (AM 1.5G) and indoor lighting (1000 lux). By combining molecular-level dye design with a tailored DES-based electrolyte, we achieved an improvement in long-term device stability over several months and demonstrated a record indoor power conversion efficiency of 9.4%, thereby establishing a new benchmark for fully sustainable, DES-based DSSCs under low-light conditions.
Salerno, G., Boldrini, C., Manfredi, N., Capriati, V., Bettucci, O., Abbotto, A. (2026). Advancing dye–DES synergies in dye-sensitized solar cells for improved indoor efficiency and long-term stability under sustainable conditions. COMMUNICATIONS CHEMISTRY, 9(1) [10.1038/s42004-025-01821-7].
Advancing dye–DES synergies in dye-sensitized solar cells for improved indoor efficiency and long-term stability under sustainable conditions
Salerno, Giorgia;Boldrini, Chiara Liliana;Manfredi, Norberto;Bettucci, Ottavia
;Abbotto, Alessandro
2026
Abstract
Two carbazole-based donor–acceptor dyes, CBZ-Gly and CBZ-EG, featuring glycerol- and ethylene glycol-like side chains, were designed and synthesized to achieve synergistic compatibility with DES-based electrolytes, and systematically investigate their impact on DSSCs performance. These dyes were tested in DSSCs employing two neat deep eutectic solvent (DES) electrolytes (choline chloride/ethylene glycol and choline chloride/glycerol) under both simulated sunlight (AM 1.5G) and indoor lighting (1000 lux). By combining molecular-level dye design with a tailored DES-based electrolyte, we achieved an improvement in long-term device stability over several months and demonstrated a record indoor power conversion efficiency of 9.4%, thereby establishing a new benchmark for fully sustainable, DES-based DSSCs under low-light conditions.
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