Quando perseverare è diabolico: uscita, voce e lealtà come meccanismi di mantenimento dell’Organizational Wrongdoing

The article aims to deepen our understanding of the mechanisms that allow wrongdoing to persist within organizations and work practices. It offers a perspective that complements models focused on the normalization of deviance, highlighting the strategic actions taken by organizational leadership and entrepreneurs in sustaining such wrongdoing. The article analyzes the fraud perpetrated by Theranos, an innovative Silicon Valley startup that deceived doctors, patients, and investors for years by claiming to have developed a technology capable of revolutionizing clinical analysis. It demonstrates that the continuation of this fraud was facilitated by the ongoing actions of Theranos' top management, particularly toward employees who did not automatically, uncritically, or passively comply with the unethical and illegal practices adopted by the company. Using Hirschman's concepts of exit, voice, and loyalty, the article reconstructs the strategies employed to maintain not only the secrecy surrounding the start-up's unethical and illegal activities but also to secure employees’ commitment.