Marine protected areas as a tool for biodiversity protection: a comparative perspective between Italy and France

The paper investigates the effectiveness of Marine Protected Areas as a tool for safeguarding biodiversity, with a comparative focus on Italy and France. It explores national approaches to the designation, management, and enforcement of Marine Protected Areas. Despite longstanding commitments and the adoption of ambitious environmental frameworks, marine conservation efforts in both countries appear to fall short of delivering meaningful protection. Finally, the paper concludes by identifying legal and policy reforms necessary to strengthen their role and improve biodiversity outcomes across European marine spaces.