The contribution examines, through an empirical investigation con-ducted on a representative sample of Italian limited liability compa-nies (s.r.l.) that resorted to equity crowdfunding between 2012 and 2023, the ways in which statutory autonomy is exercised in shaping the financial and participatory structure of the companies involved. In light of the regulatory developments following the introduction of Article 100-ter of the Consolidated Financial Act (t.u.f.) and Article 26 of Decree-Law No. 179/2012, the study assesses the extent to which the potential attributed by the legal scholarship to the con-tractual autonomy recognised by these provisions is effectively realised in the statutory practice of crowdfunded s.r.l.s. The analysis shows that the issuance of classes of quotas is an almost constant feature of crowdfunding operations (involving over 94% of the companies in the sample), highlighting their relevance in capital-raising processes carried out through online platforms. By contrast, the standardisation of the nominal value of membership interests proves to be marginal (1.36%), suggesting a persistent distance between the concrete morphology of the s.r.l. and the structural pat-terns that are typical of the corporate (share-based) model. With regard to the content of the rights granted to investors, three aspects appear particularly significant: the widespread use of non-voting classes of quotas, the isolated and nonsystematic recourse to patrimonial privileges to compensate the absence of voting rights, and a minority yet meaningful presence of clauses aimed at limiting the individual right of inspection and monitoring that investors nor-mally enjoy under Article 2476(2) of the Civil Code. Taken together, these findings suggest that the s.r.l. resorting to equity crowdfunding tends to maintain a closed asset structure, in which the modulation of the rights attributed to each class of quotas appears more functional to preserving internal equilibria than to fostering a genuine process of “market openness.”
Il contributo analizza, attraverso un’indagine empirica condotta su un campione rappresentativo di s.r.l. che hanno fatto ricorso all’equity crowdfunding tra il 2012 e il 2023, le modalità con le quali l’autonomia statutaria viene concretamente esercitata nella configurazione della struttura finanziaria e partecipativa delle società coinvolte. Alla luce dell’evoluzione normativa successiva all’introduzione dell’art. 100-ter t.u.f. e dell’art. 26 d.l. n. 179/2012, il lavoro verifica in che misura le potenzialità attribuite dalla dottrina ai margini di autonomia riconosciuti da siffatte previsioni normative trovino effettiva realizzazione nella prassi statutaria delle s.r.l. “crowdfunded”. L’analisi mostra che l’emissione di categorie di quote rappresenta un elemento pressoché costante delle operazioni esaminate (oltre il 94% dei casi), evidenziando una funzionalità della categorizzazione delle quote rispetto ai processi di raccolta tramite portali. Al contra-rio, la standardizzazione del valore nominale delle partecipazioni si rivela marginale (1,36%), suggerendo una perdurante distanza tra la morfologia concreta della s.r.l. e gli schemi tipici del modello azio-nario. Quanto al contenuto dei diritti attribuiti ai soci investitori, emergono tre aspetti di maggior rilievo: l’ampia diffusione delle categorie prive del diritto di voto, la non sistematicità dell’attribuzione di privilegi patrimoniali compensativi e una presenza minoritaria ma significati-va di clausole volte a limitare il diritto individuale di controllo ex art. 2476, comma 2°, c.c. Nel complesso, la s.r.l. che ricorre al crowdfunding pare mantenere un assetto connotato da marcata se-lettività partecipativa, nel quale la modulazione dei diritti delle cate-gorie appare funzionale alla preservazione degli equilibri interni più che a un effettivo processo di “apertura al mercato”.
Spolaore, P., Caforio, V. (2025). Miti e realtà in punto di struttura finanziaria della s.r.l. che ricorre al crowdfunding: un’analisi empirica. LE NUOVE LEGGI CIVILI COMMENTATE(6), 1334-1378.
Miti e realtà in punto di struttura finanziaria della s.r.l. che ricorre al crowdfunding: un’analisi empirica
Spolaore, P;Caforio, V
2025
Abstract
The contribution examines, through an empirical investigation con-ducted on a representative sample of Italian limited liability compa-nies (s.r.l.) that resorted to equity crowdfunding between 2012 and 2023, the ways in which statutory autonomy is exercised in shaping the financial and participatory structure of the companies involved. In light of the regulatory developments following the introduction of Article 100-ter of the Consolidated Financial Act (t.u.f.) and Article 26 of Decree-Law No. 179/2012, the study assesses the extent to which the potential attributed by the legal scholarship to the con-tractual autonomy recognised by these provisions is effectively realised in the statutory practice of crowdfunded s.r.l.s. The analysis shows that the issuance of classes of quotas is an almost constant feature of crowdfunding operations (involving over 94% of the companies in the sample), highlighting their relevance in capital-raising processes carried out through online platforms. By contrast, the standardisation of the nominal value of membership interests proves to be marginal (1.36%), suggesting a persistent distance between the concrete morphology of the s.r.l. and the structural pat-terns that are typical of the corporate (share-based) model. With regard to the content of the rights granted to investors, three aspects appear particularly significant: the widespread use of non-voting classes of quotas, the isolated and nonsystematic recourse to patrimonial privileges to compensate the absence of voting rights, and a minority yet meaningful presence of clauses aimed at limiting the individual right of inspection and monitoring that investors nor-mally enjoy under Article 2476(2) of the Civil Code. Taken together, these findings suggest that the s.r.l. resorting to equity crowdfunding tends to maintain a closed asset structure, in which the modulation of the rights attributed to each class of quotas appears more functional to preserving internal equilibria than to fostering a genuine process of “market openness.”| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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