Here comes the sun…? A systematic literature review of factors supporting or opposing solar energy initiatives

The diffusion of solar energy initiatives is shaped by a dynamic interplay of actions supporting and opposing them, influenced by governance structures, socio-economic conditions, environmental concerns, and public perception. This systematic review synthesizes findings from 150 studies published since 2015, identifying twenty key factors that determine the support or opposition to solar energy initiatives. While regulatory frameworks, financial incentives, and community participation by and large enhance support, challenges such as land-use conflicts, economic inequities, and fossil fuel incumbency contribute to opposition. Our review highlights the necessity of integrated policy approaches, participatory governance, and equitable economic models to mitigate opposition and ensure inclusive approaches to solar energy. By providing a comprehensive analysis of the mechanisms behind support and opposition, this systematic review informs policymakers, industry stakeholders, and researchers on strategies to facilitate a sustainable and socially responsible expansion of solar energy.