Giovanni Alfonso Borelli, Giorgio Baglivi, and the origin of the heartbeat in the seventeenth century

Giovanni Alfonso Borelli (1608-1679) and Giorgio Baglivi (1668-1707) were prominent figures in early modern physiology who contributed significantly to the evolving debate on the origin of the heartbeat. Borelli, a leading exponent of iatromechanics, acknowledged the autonomous continuation of the heartbeat, but attributed its initial impulse to a "facultas sensitiva" capable of perceiving internal imbalances. Baglivi advanced the discussion by proposing a fiber-based model of the body and offering experimental evidence of the heart's intrinsic contractile capacity. He classified body fibers into membranous and carneous types, locating the active force of contraction within the structure of the muscle itself. While neither author wholly excluded the role of nerves, their work marked a pivotal moment in the conceptual shift toward intrinsic explanations of cardiac rhythm and laid the groundwork for future developments in cardiovascular physiology.