Music literacy shapes the specialization of a right hemispheric word reading area

This study aimed to examine differences in the brain activity of professional musicians and non-musicians, particularly in relation to neuroplastic changes that may be associated with musical training. Specifically, we investigated whether the ability to read complex musical notation might be linked to neurofunctional adaptations that could influence word reading mechanisms. The study involved 80 participants (half of which were musicians). High-density EEG recordings and swLORETA inverse solutions were employed to analyze brain activity related to word processing and orthographic analysis. The electromagnetic signals were analyzed in the temporal window corresponding to the latency of N170 component (150–190 ms). Musicians and musically naïve people (controls) were matched based on native language, sociocultural and educational status, age, and laterality preference. Behavioural data and reading proficiency tests demonstrated higher reading skills (for words, non-words and text), and faster RTs to target letters embedded in words, in musicians. Source reconstruction showed fundamental differences in word reading mechanisms between musicians and non-musicians, including a larger involvement of the right occipitotemporal cortex, in the former than the latter. In particular, musicians showed a bilateral activation of the middle occipital gyrus (BA19, Visual Word Form Area), which was strongly lateralized to the left hemisphere in controls, during word orthographic analysis. A relationship is proposed between music literacy, enhanced reading skills and the development of a right-sided reading area for notation recognition in musicians, which could serve as a potential protective factor for ‘surface’ dyslexia.