Mangroves of the Maldives: a review of their distribution, diversity, ecological importance and biodiversity of associated flora and fauna

Mangrove forests are one of the most important biological, ecological and economic ecosystems in the world. In the Maldives, they play a crucial role in maintaining coastal biodiversity, providing ecosystem services, such as coastal protection, and supporting livelihoods by providing income and food. Overall, 23 Maldivian islands have at least 1 protected mangrove area. However, knowledge of the mangroves of the Maldives is scarce, scattered and sometimes conflicting. There is a lack of information on a national scale regarding their distribution, diversity, ecological importance and associated biodiversity. The aim of this review is to analyse scientific publications, reports, and online documents on mangroves for the entire Maldivian archipelago to provide the first comprehensive summary of the current state of knowledge of mangroves from a national perspective. This includes the geographical location of mangrove forests, the identity and distribution of mangrove species, ecosystem services, ecological importance and diversity of mangrove-associated flora and fauna. We analysed available information from both the grey literature and scientific publications and found that 14 mangrove species have been documented on 108 islands (9% of all Maldivian islands). Mangroves are mainly concentrated in northern atolls and are associated with diverse flora and fauna. Furthermore, we identified inconsistencies and gaps in the literature and proposed future directions for research. This is crucial for informed decision-making, developing effective conservation strategies and long-term sustainability of mangrove ecosystems.