In the contemporary pursuit of sustainable development, understanding the relationship among ecosystems, biodiversity, and human well-being is crucial. Natural capital and ecosystem services are jeopardized by various human-induced pressures. However, significant scientific knowledge gaps persist, especially concerning the impact of human activities on biodiversity and ecological interactions. Animal-mediated pollination emerges a compelling investigation target, given its pivotal role in food security and biodiversity conservation. This thesis adopts a comprehensive multi-level integrative approach to explore neglected facets of pollination ecology. Specifically, we investigated i) the influence of land use and temperature on pollen and nectar chemistry; ii) the repercussion of landscape fragmentation and local flower richness on the quality and composition of a generalist pollinator diet; iii) the impact of insect mediated pollination on the commercial quality and nutraceutical value of two crops. The first chapter introduces an innovative tool for pollen sampling and provides a comparative analysis of multiple pollen and nectar sampling techniques. The comparative investigation conducted emphasized the need for standardization of the sampling techniques to produce reliable and shareable data. These methodological advances facilitated the investigation of the impacts of land use and temperature on pollen and nectar chemistry. Flower resources sampled from 7 different meadows species at 16 sites, distributed along gradients of urbanization and agricultural intensification, were analysed. Significant effects of land use and temperature on nectar sugar content were observed. Untargeted metabolomic analyses further revealed substantial variation in the phytochemical profiles of pollen along gradients of landscape anthropization. The second chapter shifts the focus from plants to insects, investigating the nutritional profile and composition of the diet of a generalist pollinator species (Bombus terrestris) in fragmented habitats. Colonies of B. terrestris were positioned at 14 sites in the city of Milan. The nutritional composition of the pollen pellet transported by foragers was analysed by means of analytical chemistry techniques. Simultaneously, a description of the taxonomic composition of the pollen was achieved through a DNA metabarcoding approach. We found mostly negative linear or non-linear relationships between nutritional quality of pollen loads and habitat fragmentation and tight associations between plant composition and nutrition. Additionally, longer foraging times were observed in areas characterized by a lower number of green patches. These findings demonstrate how habitat fragmentation can limit bumblebee foraging and compromise resource accessibility. Overall, the results presented in the first two chapters highlight the risk posed by anthropized environments to pollinator conservation, underscoring how these habitats might lack the potential to sustain local pollinator communities. In the third chapter, we investigated the influence of insect–mediated pollination on fruit quality and chemical composition. Pilot experiments were conducted on two species (i.e., Fragaria vesca L. and Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.). exposed to three different pollination treatments (i.e., self-pollination, hand pollination, and open pollination. Higher commercial quality of insect-pollinated fruit was observed and, for the very first time, it was demonstrated that insect pollination influences the phytochemical profile of fruits and seeds. Overall, this thesis advances the understanding of the intricate relationships between land use intensification, pollinator nutritional ecology, and human food security and offer valuable guidelines for the implementation of pollinator monitoring strategies and conservation actions fostering ecosystems resilience and supporting food security and human well-being.

La comprensione delle relazioni tra gli ecosistemi, la biodiversità e il benessere umano risulta cruciale per il raggiungimento di uno sviluppo sostenibile. Tuttavia, il capitale naturale e i servizi ecosistemici che da questo dipendono sono minacciati dalle attività umane e persistono significative lacune nella conoscenza scientifica riguardo l’impatto di queste attività sulla biodiversità e sulle interazioni ecologiche. Gli impollinatori emergono come un obiettivo prioritario di indagine, data la loro importanza nel garantire la sicurezza alimentare e la conservazione della biodiversità. Questa tesi adotta un approccio integrato per esplorare aspetti finora trascurati dell’ecologia degli impollinatori. Nello specifico, sono stati esaminati: i) l’influenza dell’uso del suolo e della temperatura sulla chimica di polline e nettare; ii) le ripercussioni della frammentazione del paesaggio e della diversità locale di specie floreali sulla qualità e composizione della dieta di Bombus terrestris; iii) l’impatto dell’impollinazione mediata da insetti sulla qualità commerciale e sul valore nutraceutico di semi e frutti. Il primo capitolo introduce un innovativo strumento per il campionamento del polline e fornisce un’analisi comparativa di diverse tecniche di campionamento di polline e nettare. Il nuovo approccio presentato è risultato avere una maggiore efficienza e precisione nel campionamento. La comparazione condotta, ha sottolineato la necessità di standardizzare le tecniche di campionamento per produrre dati affidabili e condivisibili. L’ultima parte del capitolo esplora gli impatti di uso del suolo e temperatura sulla chimica delle risorse fiorali. Polline e nettare campionati da specie selvatiche in siti distribuiti lungo gradienti di urbanizzazione e intensificazione agricola, sono stati analizzati. Sono state osservate significative riduzioni del contenuto di zuccheri nel nettare in ambienti agricoli e variazioni nel profilo fitochimico del polline lungo i gradienti di antropizzazione del paesaggio considerati. Il secondo capitolo è dedicato all’analisi del profilo nutrizionale e della composizione della dieta di B. terrestris in habitat urbano. Colonie commerciali di questa specie sono state posizionate in diverse aree della città di Milano. La composizione nutrizionale del polline è stata analizzata tramite tecniche di chimica analitica, mentre una descrizione della composizione tassonomica del polline è stata ottenuta attraverso un approccio di DNA metabarcoding. Sono state osservate principalmente relazioni negative tra la qualità nutrizionale del polline e la frammentazione dell’habitat, oltre a strette associazioni tra la composizione delle piante e la componente nutrizionale. Inoltre, sono stati registrati tempi di foraggiamento più lunghi in aree caratterizzate da un minore copertura vegetale. Questi risultati dimostrano come la frammentazione dell'habitat possa limitare l'accesso degli impollinatori alle risorse. Nel complesso, i risultati presentati evidenziano il rischio posto dagli ambienti antropizzati alla conservazione degli impollinatori. Nel terzo capitolo, è stata esplorata l'influenza della pollinazione mediata dagli insetti sulla qualità del frutto e sulla composizione chimica. Sono stati condotti esperimenti su due specie (Fragaria vesca L. e Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.), sottoposte a diversi trattamenti di impollinazione. Si è osservata una migliore qualità commerciale dei frutti impollinati dagli insetti ed è stato dimostrato per la prima volta che l’impollinazione mediata dagli insetti influenza il profilo fitochimico di frutti e semi. Questa tesi approfondisce il tema del rapporto tra intensificazione dell'uso del suolo, ecologia nutrizionale degli impollinatori e sicurezza alimentare umana e offre linee guida per l'attuazione di strategie di monitoraggio e azioni di conservazione che promuovano la resilienza degli ecosistemi e il benessere umano.

(2024). Pollination Ecology in Human-Altered Landscapes: Exploring Nutritional Dynamics and Implications for Food Security. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2024).

Pollination Ecology in Human-Altered Landscapes: Exploring Nutritional Dynamics and Implications for Food Security

PIOLTELLI, EMILIANO
2024

Abstract

In the contemporary pursuit of sustainable development, understanding the relationship among ecosystems, biodiversity, and human well-being is crucial. Natural capital and ecosystem services are jeopardized by various human-induced pressures. However, significant scientific knowledge gaps persist, especially concerning the impact of human activities on biodiversity and ecological interactions. Animal-mediated pollination emerges a compelling investigation target, given its pivotal role in food security and biodiversity conservation. This thesis adopts a comprehensive multi-level integrative approach to explore neglected facets of pollination ecology. Specifically, we investigated i) the influence of land use and temperature on pollen and nectar chemistry; ii) the repercussion of landscape fragmentation and local flower richness on the quality and composition of a generalist pollinator diet; iii) the impact of insect mediated pollination on the commercial quality and nutraceutical value of two crops. The first chapter introduces an innovative tool for pollen sampling and provides a comparative analysis of multiple pollen and nectar sampling techniques. The comparative investigation conducted emphasized the need for standardization of the sampling techniques to produce reliable and shareable data. These methodological advances facilitated the investigation of the impacts of land use and temperature on pollen and nectar chemistry. Flower resources sampled from 7 different meadows species at 16 sites, distributed along gradients of urbanization and agricultural intensification, were analysed. Significant effects of land use and temperature on nectar sugar content were observed. Untargeted metabolomic analyses further revealed substantial variation in the phytochemical profiles of pollen along gradients of landscape anthropization. The second chapter shifts the focus from plants to insects, investigating the nutritional profile and composition of the diet of a generalist pollinator species (Bombus terrestris) in fragmented habitats. Colonies of B. terrestris were positioned at 14 sites in the city of Milan. The nutritional composition of the pollen pellet transported by foragers was analysed by means of analytical chemistry techniques. Simultaneously, a description of the taxonomic composition of the pollen was achieved through a DNA metabarcoding approach. We found mostly negative linear or non-linear relationships between nutritional quality of pollen loads and habitat fragmentation and tight associations between plant composition and nutrition. Additionally, longer foraging times were observed in areas characterized by a lower number of green patches. These findings demonstrate how habitat fragmentation can limit bumblebee foraging and compromise resource accessibility. Overall, the results presented in the first two chapters highlight the risk posed by anthropized environments to pollinator conservation, underscoring how these habitats might lack the potential to sustain local pollinator communities. In the third chapter, we investigated the influence of insect–mediated pollination on fruit quality and chemical composition. Pilot experiments were conducted on two species (i.e., Fragaria vesca L. and Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.). exposed to three different pollination treatments (i.e., self-pollination, hand pollination, and open pollination. Higher commercial quality of insect-pollinated fruit was observed and, for the very first time, it was demonstrated that insect pollination influences the phytochemical profile of fruits and seeds. Overall, this thesis advances the understanding of the intricate relationships between land use intensification, pollinator nutritional ecology, and human food security and offer valuable guidelines for the implementation of pollinator monitoring strategies and conservation actions fostering ecosystems resilience and supporting food security and human well-being.
GALIMBERTI, ANDREA
Impollinatori; Ecologia paesaggio; Uso del suolo; Fitochimica; Sicurezza alimentare
Pollination ecology; Landscape ecology; Land use; Phytochemistry; Food security
BIO/07 - ECOLOGIA
Italian
15-feb-2024
36
2022/2023
open
(2024). Pollination Ecology in Human-Altered Landscapes: Exploring Nutritional Dynamics and Implications for Food Security. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2024).
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/10281/460343
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