Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are a group of chronic diseases that are responsible for 70% of deaths worldwide. Unfortunately, with an aging population, these diseases are increasing and are expected to be the leading cause of death by 2030, with many health and economic impacts. Diet and lifestyle are among the most influential factors in the development of NCDs, so it is important to find molecules that can be taken to prevent the development of these diseases. Since ancient times, nature has been an important source of bioactive compounds that could improve human health through preventive and/or curative actions. Nowadays, agro-industrial waste is also starting to be considered a good source for the recovery of bioactive molecules. The disposal of these wastes causes a high costs and environmental impact. Currently, different waste management methods have been developed and used for the production of energy, animal feed or as a source of active metabolites with beneficial properties. Some wastes from the food chain may have a higher metabolite content or present different analytes than the edible portion normally used. For this reason, it is important to analyze the metabolic profile of plants and by-products to assess their qualitative composition and identify potential bioactivities. For this purpose, numerous analytical techniques are available that can, with target and untarget analysis, be used for a metabolomics study. The extraction of bioactive compounds has changed significantly over time. Unconventional techniques such as ultrasonic extraction (USAE), pressurised fluid extraction (PLE), supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and microwave extraction (MAE) are becoming increasingly common. These have certain advantages, such as increased extraction yield and efficiency, reduced extraction cost and time, reduced environmental impact and the use of less toxic solvents that are unsafe for food use in favour of safe solvents such as water and ethanol. The aim of this PhD project was therefore to search for active metabolites for the treatment and/or prevention of NCDs. Three different food by-products were investigated: cocoa bean shells, Camelina sativa seeds by-product and lemon by-products (peel, albedo, seeds and pulp). Following an initial LC-MS analysis to assess the phytochemical profile, green extraction methods (USAE and PLE) were optimized by experimental design to recover methylxanthines from cocoa bean shells, glucosinolates from C. sativa seeds by-product and polyphenols from lemon waste. The optimized extract was then tested in silico and by in vitro assays to assess its potential bioactivities. Finally, a simulation of gastrointestinal digestion using the international INFOGEST model was performed to assess the bioaccessibility of the analytes after oral intake. The results obtained highlighted the possibility of obtaining active metabolites with potential therapeutic properties from agro-industrial by-products. This project has demonstrated how the study of metabolomics applied to agro-food waste allows the identification of potentially bioactive metabolites against NCDs. It has also shown that the optimization of the extraction process is crucial to improving its efficiency while making it more sustainable by reducing the use of organic solvents, time and environmental impact.

Le malattie non trasmissibili sono un gruppo di patologie croniche che rappresentano la causa del 70% dei decessi nel mondo. Purtroppo, con l’invecchiamento della popolazione queste patologie stanno aumentando sempre di più e si ritiene che nel 2030 costituiranno la prima causa di morte, con gravi ripercussioni sia economiche che sanitarie. L’alimentazione e lo stile di vita sono tra i fattori esogeni più influenti nello sviluppo delle NCDs, per questo motivo è importante trovare molecole che possano essere assunte per prevenire lo sviluppo di queste malattie. Il mondo vegetale rappresenta, sin da tempi antichi, un’importante fonte di molecole bioattive capaci di migliorare lo stato di salute dell’uomo grazie ad azioni preventive e/o curative. Al giorno d’oggi anche gli scarti agroindustriali iniziano ad essere considerati una buona fonte per il recupero di molecole bioattive. Lo smaltimento di questi scarti provoca un elevato costo di gestione ed un impatto ambientale. Attualmente differenti modalità di gestione degli scarti sono state sviluppate ed utilizzate per la produzione di energia, mangimi animali o come fonte di metaboliti attivi con proprietà benefiche. Alcuni scarti della filiera alimentare possono avere, un contenuto maggiore di metaboliti o presentare analiti diversi dalla porzione edibile normalmente utilizzata. Per questo motivo è importante analizzare il profilo metabolico delle piante e dei sottoprodotti al fine di valutarne la composizione qualitativa ed individuarne potenziali bioattività. A questo scopo sono disponibili numerose tecniche analitiche che possono, con analisi target e untarget, essere usate per uno studio di metabolomica. L’estrazione di composti bioattivi, comunemente effettuata con tecniche convenzionali ad alto impatto ambientale, ha subito un significativo cambiamento nel corso del tempo. Stanno diventando sempre più frequenti tecniche non convenzionali come l’estrazione con ultrasuoni (USAE), liquidi pressurizzati (PLE), fluidi supercritici (SFE) e microonde (MAE) che presentano alcuni vantaggi quali incremento della resa e dell’efficienza di estrazione, riduzione dei costi e del tempo di estrazione, dell’impatto ambientale e della quantità di solventi tossici, poco sicuri per l’uso alimentare, a favore di solventi sicuri come acqua ed etanolo. L’obiettivo di questo progetto di dottorato è stato quindi la ricerca di metaboliti attivi per il contrasto delle NCDs. A tale scopo sono stati investigati tre differenti sottoprodotti alimentari: tegumeto dei semi di cacao, panello di Camelina sativa e sottoprodotti del limone (buccia, albedo, semi e polpa). A seguito di un’analisi iniziale LC-MS per valutarne il profilo fitochimico sono stati ottimizzati, mediante disegno sperimentale, metodi estrattivi green (USAE e PLE) per il recupero di metilxantine dal sottoprodotto di cacao, glucosinolati dal panello di C. sativa e polifenoli dagli scarti di limone. Gli estratti così ottimizzati sono analizzati in silico e tramite saggi in vitro per valutarne le potenziali bioattività. Infine, una simulazione della digestione gastrointestinale tramite modello standardizzato INFOGEST è stata eseguita per valutare la bioaccessibilità degli analiti a seguito di assunzione orale. I risultati ottenuti hanno permesso di evidenziare la possibilità di ricavare da sottoprodotti agro-industriali metaboliti attivi con potenziali proprietà terapeutiche. Questo progetto ha quindi mostrato come lo studio della metabolomica applicato agli scarti agroalimentare consenta l’identificazione di metaboliti potenzialmente attivi nel contrasto delle NCDs. Inoltre, si evince come l’ottimizzazione del processo estrattivo sia cruciale per migliorarne l’efficienza, rendendolo allo stesso tempo più sostenibile grazie ad una riduzione dei solventi organici utilizzati, del tempo, e dell’impatto ambientale.

(2024). Eco-friendly extraction and metabolomic analysis for the recovery of healthy metabolites from different agri-food by-products. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2024).

Eco-friendly extraction and metabolomic analysis for the recovery of healthy metabolites from different agri-food by-products

PAGLIARI, STEFANIA
2024

Abstract

Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are a group of chronic diseases that are responsible for 70% of deaths worldwide. Unfortunately, with an aging population, these diseases are increasing and are expected to be the leading cause of death by 2030, with many health and economic impacts. Diet and lifestyle are among the most influential factors in the development of NCDs, so it is important to find molecules that can be taken to prevent the development of these diseases. Since ancient times, nature has been an important source of bioactive compounds that could improve human health through preventive and/or curative actions. Nowadays, agro-industrial waste is also starting to be considered a good source for the recovery of bioactive molecules. The disposal of these wastes causes a high costs and environmental impact. Currently, different waste management methods have been developed and used for the production of energy, animal feed or as a source of active metabolites with beneficial properties. Some wastes from the food chain may have a higher metabolite content or present different analytes than the edible portion normally used. For this reason, it is important to analyze the metabolic profile of plants and by-products to assess their qualitative composition and identify potential bioactivities. For this purpose, numerous analytical techniques are available that can, with target and untarget analysis, be used for a metabolomics study. The extraction of bioactive compounds has changed significantly over time. Unconventional techniques such as ultrasonic extraction (USAE), pressurised fluid extraction (PLE), supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and microwave extraction (MAE) are becoming increasingly common. These have certain advantages, such as increased extraction yield and efficiency, reduced extraction cost and time, reduced environmental impact and the use of less toxic solvents that are unsafe for food use in favour of safe solvents such as water and ethanol. The aim of this PhD project was therefore to search for active metabolites for the treatment and/or prevention of NCDs. Three different food by-products were investigated: cocoa bean shells, Camelina sativa seeds by-product and lemon by-products (peel, albedo, seeds and pulp). Following an initial LC-MS analysis to assess the phytochemical profile, green extraction methods (USAE and PLE) were optimized by experimental design to recover methylxanthines from cocoa bean shells, glucosinolates from C. sativa seeds by-product and polyphenols from lemon waste. The optimized extract was then tested in silico and by in vitro assays to assess its potential bioactivities. Finally, a simulation of gastrointestinal digestion using the international INFOGEST model was performed to assess the bioaccessibility of the analytes after oral intake. The results obtained highlighted the possibility of obtaining active metabolites with potential therapeutic properties from agro-industrial by-products. This project has demonstrated how the study of metabolomics applied to agro-food waste allows the identification of potentially bioactive metabolites against NCDs. It has also shown that the optimization of the extraction process is crucial to improving its efficiency while making it more sustainable by reducing the use of organic solvents, time and environmental impact.
LABRA, MASSIMO
CAMPONE, LUCA
estrazioni green; LC-MS; metaboliti secondari; sottoprodotti; NCDs
green extraction; LC-MS; secondary metabolite; by-products; NCDs
CHIM/10 - CHIMICA DEGLI ALIMENTI
English
9-feb-2024
36
2022/2023
open
(2024). Eco-friendly extraction and metabolomic analysis for the recovery of healthy metabolites from different agri-food by-products. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2024).
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/10281/459419
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