My research, which from a theoretical and methodological point of view is located at the intersection between visual/digital anthropology, global history and critical race studies, aims to investigate the images and imaginaries of blackness in contemporary Morocco. In the popular imagination, as well as in academia, Africa is often separated into two disconnected worlds: North Africa and Sub-Saharan Africa. Within this perspective, the Sahara desert stands for a physical and conceptual barrier between the two Africas. As Winegar and Pierpzak (2009) pointed out, this regional partitioning is reproduced in the structuring of academic departments, professional associations and publications (where north African countries are commonly grouped with the Middle East under the umbrella of MENA studies) as well as in the structuring of visual culture venues, such as museums, collections and exhibitions. This geographical and epistemological separation, which pays no attention to centuries of exchange and circulation across the continent, has deep roots but it was reified and institutionalized in the colonial era. In that way, the French played a big part in the construction of the Saharan Divide as a racial fracture. Under the French colonial administration, Sahara became a sort of "color line" separating the "white" Africa (Afrique blanche) from the "black" one (Afrique noire). The "Saharan Divide" is also linked to historical dynamics within the continent, such as the trans-Saharan slave trade. In his book “Black Morocco” (2013), the historian Chouki el Hamel shows that Morocco played a major role in the slave trade but slavery and its legacies (in terms, for example, of anti-black prejudices, especially against Sub-Saharan migrants) are still a taboo in Morocco which represents itself as a color-blind society with no racism. The association, profoundly anchored in the collective consciousness, of whiteness with beauty and advancement and blackness with ugliness and backwardness reveals, however, the existence of a system of hierarchical classification rooted in the history of slavery. Moreover, despite the fact that Morocco is situated geographically in Africa, commonly Moroccans neither perceive nor define themselves as “Africans” (Becker 2020). However, in recent times, in Moroccan political discourse, there is a clear tendency to connect Morocco to Africa. In the frame of a so called “African policy”, the King Mohammed VI has made engagement with Sub-Saharan Africa a crucial priority during his reign. This gradual boost in diplomatic engagement with African countries has allowed the historic reintegration of the Kingdom into the African Union in 2017. Moreover, Morocco has become one of the biggest investors in the continent and, within the framework of the south-south cooperation, is developing portfolios in agriculture, mines, and energy. Morocco’s “African policy” includes also a soft power agenda based on the strategic use of religion, culture and art. This agenda celebrates the African roots of Morocco and its blackness even if it tends to avoid to deal with the “dark sides” of this relationship (the question of slavery, “race” and racism). The question of "race" is thus a complex and controversial topic, which touches on many aspects of contemporary Morocco (from economics to religion, from geopolitics to history and national identity to cultural and artistic expressions). Through a critical, transnational and transhistorical approach (Gilroy 2019; The Black Mediterranean Collective 2021) I will explore different figures of Moroccan blackness (Gnawa, Sub-Saharan migrants, black Moroccan activists and artists), focusing on the connections between local meanings of race and global imaginaries of blackness.

La mia ricerca, che dal punto di vista teorico e metodologico si colloca all'intersezione tra antropologia visuale/digitale, global history e studi critici sulla razza, si propone di indagare le immagini e gli immaginari del nero nel Marocco contemporaneo. Nell'immaginario popolare, così come nel mondo accademico, l'Africa è spesso divisa in due mondi separati: il Nord Africa e l'Africa subsahariana. In questa prospettiva, il deserto del Sahara rappresenta una barriera fisica e concettuale tra le due Afriche. Come hanno sottolineato Winegar e Pierpzak (2009), questa suddivisione regionale è riprodotta nella strutturazione di dipartimenti accademici, associazioni professionali e pubblicazioni (dove i paesi nordafricani sono comunemente raggruppati con il Medio Oriente nella categoria MENA) così come nella strutturazione di luoghi d’arte, come musei, collezioni e mostre. Questa separazione geografica ed epistemologica, che non presta attenzione a secoli di scambio e circolazione attraverso il continente, ha radici profonde ma è stata reificata e istituzionalizzata nell'era coloniale. In questo senso, i francesi hanno giocato un ruolo importante nella costruzione del Saharan Divide come frattura razziale. Sotto l'amministrazione coloniale francese, il Sahara divenne una sorta di "linea di colore" che separava l'Africa "bianca" (Afrique blanche) da quella "nera" (Afrique noire). Il "Saharan Divide" è anche legato alle dinamiche storiche interne al continente, come la tratta degli schiavi trans-sahariana. Nel suo libro “Black Morocco” (2013), lo storico Chouki el Hamel mostra che il Marocco ha svolto un ruolo importante nella tratta degli schiavi, ma la schiavitù e le sue eredità (in termini, ad esempio, di pregiudizi anti-neri, in particolare contro i subsahariani migranti) sono ancora un tabù in Marocco che si presenta come una società colorblind e non razzista. L'associazione, profondamente ancorata nella coscienza collettiva, della bianchezza con la bellezza e il progresso e della nerezza con la bruttezza e l'arretratezza rivela, tuttavia, l'esistenza di un sistema di classificazione gerarchico, radicato nella storia della schiavitù. Inoltre, nonostante il Marocco si trovi geograficamente in Africa, comunemente i marocchini non si percepiscono né si definiscono “africani” (Becker 2020). Tuttavia, negli ultimi tempi, nel discorso politico marocchino, c'è una chiara tendenza a collegare il Marocco all'Africa. Nel quadro di una cosiddetta "politica africana", il re Mohammed VI ha fatto dell'impegno con l'Africa subsahariana una priorità cruciale durante il suo regno. Questo graduale rafforzamento delle relazioni diplomatiche con i paesi africani ha consentito la storica reintegrazione del Regno nell'Unione Africana nel 2017. Inoltre, il Marocco è diventato uno dei maggiori investitori del continente e, nell'ambito della cooperazione sud-sud, ha investito in agricoltura, miniere ed energia. La "politica africana" del Marocco include anche un programma di soft power basato sull'uso strategico della religione, della cultura e dell'arte. Questa agenda celebra le radici africane del Marocco e la sua blackness anche se tende a evitare di affrontare i “lati oscuri” di questo rapporto (la questione della schiavitù, della “razza” e del razzismo). La questione della "razza" è dunque un tema complesso e controverso, che tocca molti aspetti del Marocco contemporaneo (dall'economia alla religione, dalla geopolitica alla storia e all'identità nazionale, alle espressioni culturali e artistiche). Attraverso un approccio critico, transnazionale e transtorico (Gilroy 2019; The Black Mediterranean Collective 2021) esplorerò diverse figure della nerezza marocchina (Gnawa, migranti sub-sahariani, attivisti e artisti neri marocchini), concentrandomi sulle connessioni tra i significati locali della razza e gli immaginari globali della nerezza.

(2023). Immagini e immaginari della nerezza: la "razza" in Marocco tra arte, politica e società. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2023).

Immagini e immaginari della nerezza: la "razza" in Marocco tra arte, politica e società

TURCHETTI, ALESSANDRA
2023

Abstract

My research, which from a theoretical and methodological point of view is located at the intersection between visual/digital anthropology, global history and critical race studies, aims to investigate the images and imaginaries of blackness in contemporary Morocco. In the popular imagination, as well as in academia, Africa is often separated into two disconnected worlds: North Africa and Sub-Saharan Africa. Within this perspective, the Sahara desert stands for a physical and conceptual barrier between the two Africas. As Winegar and Pierpzak (2009) pointed out, this regional partitioning is reproduced in the structuring of academic departments, professional associations and publications (where north African countries are commonly grouped with the Middle East under the umbrella of MENA studies) as well as in the structuring of visual culture venues, such as museums, collections and exhibitions. This geographical and epistemological separation, which pays no attention to centuries of exchange and circulation across the continent, has deep roots but it was reified and institutionalized in the colonial era. In that way, the French played a big part in the construction of the Saharan Divide as a racial fracture. Under the French colonial administration, Sahara became a sort of "color line" separating the "white" Africa (Afrique blanche) from the "black" one (Afrique noire). The "Saharan Divide" is also linked to historical dynamics within the continent, such as the trans-Saharan slave trade. In his book “Black Morocco” (2013), the historian Chouki el Hamel shows that Morocco played a major role in the slave trade but slavery and its legacies (in terms, for example, of anti-black prejudices, especially against Sub-Saharan migrants) are still a taboo in Morocco which represents itself as a color-blind society with no racism. The association, profoundly anchored in the collective consciousness, of whiteness with beauty and advancement and blackness with ugliness and backwardness reveals, however, the existence of a system of hierarchical classification rooted in the history of slavery. Moreover, despite the fact that Morocco is situated geographically in Africa, commonly Moroccans neither perceive nor define themselves as “Africans” (Becker 2020). However, in recent times, in Moroccan political discourse, there is a clear tendency to connect Morocco to Africa. In the frame of a so called “African policy”, the King Mohammed VI has made engagement with Sub-Saharan Africa a crucial priority during his reign. This gradual boost in diplomatic engagement with African countries has allowed the historic reintegration of the Kingdom into the African Union in 2017. Moreover, Morocco has become one of the biggest investors in the continent and, within the framework of the south-south cooperation, is developing portfolios in agriculture, mines, and energy. Morocco’s “African policy” includes also a soft power agenda based on the strategic use of religion, culture and art. This agenda celebrates the African roots of Morocco and its blackness even if it tends to avoid to deal with the “dark sides” of this relationship (the question of slavery, “race” and racism). The question of "race" is thus a complex and controversial topic, which touches on many aspects of contemporary Morocco (from economics to religion, from geopolitics to history and national identity to cultural and artistic expressions). Through a critical, transnational and transhistorical approach (Gilroy 2019; The Black Mediterranean Collective 2021) I will explore different figures of Moroccan blackness (Gnawa, Sub-Saharan migrants, black Moroccan activists and artists), focusing on the connections between local meanings of race and global imaginaries of blackness.
BARGNA, LEOPOLDO IVAN
razza; nerezza; marocco; antropologia visuale; storia del maghreb
race; blackness; morocco; visual anthropology; maghrib history
M-DEA/01 - DISCIPLINE DEMOETNOANTROPOLOGICHE
Italian
4-set-2023
34
2020/2021
open
(2023). Immagini e immaginari della nerezza: la "razza" in Marocco tra arte, politica e società. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2023).
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/10281/437298
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