Association between implant surface roughness, smoking habits and implant site location on the occurrence of peri-implantitis: a pooled retrospective cohort study

Background: Peri-implantitis is a multi-factorial disease that affects dental implants surrounding tissues. The identification of risk factors and risk indicators could contribute to explain the heterogeneity of the disease onset and progression. The aim of the present study is to investigate the influence of implant surface roughness and other initial conditions on the future development of peri-implantitis disease by means of a pooled individual data. Methods: A total of 203 patients from four previous cohort studies were included. The patient included received a total of 630 dental implants between 1985 and 2013, with a mean follow-up time of 13 years. Results: The multilevel regression analysis demonstrated that the smoking habit (OR 2.939 with a 95% CI: 1.236–6.988), the presence of a rough surface implant (OR 4.877 with a 95% CI: 1.701–13.980) and the implant position in the mouth (anterior mandible OR 3.842 with a 95% CI: 1.080–13.671; posterior mandible OR 6.618 with a 95% CI: 2.437–17.975) were statistically associated with onset of peri-implantitis. Conclusions: Within the limitation of the retrospective nature of this pooled analysis, it can be concluded that the peri-implantitis disease is correlated with many factors other than biofilm accumulation. The role of initial marginal bone loss (MBL) on the occurrence of peri-implantitis is uncertain.