Hypofractionated proton therapy for non-small cell lung cancer: Ready for prime time? A systematic review and meta-analysis

Background: Hypofractionated proton beam radiotherapy (PBT) is gaining attention in early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (ES-NSCLC). However, there is a large unmet need to define indications, prescription doses and potential adverse events of protons in this clinical scenario. Hence, the present work aims to provide a critical literature revision, and to investigate associations between fractionation schedules/ biological effective doses (BEDs), oncological outcomes and toxicities.Materials and methods: This systematic review and meta-analysis complied with the PRISMA recommendations. Inclusion criteria were: 1) curative-intent hypofractionated PBT for ES-NSCLC (>= 3 Gy(RBE)/fraction), 2) report of the clinical outcomes of interest, 3) availability of full-text written in English. The bibliographic search was performed on the NCBI Pubmed, Embase and Scopus in September 2021; no other limitations were applied. The BED was calculated for each included study (alpha/beta = 10 Gy); the median BED for all studies was used as a threshold for stratifying selected evidence into "high" and "low"-dose subgroups. Heterogeneity was tested using chi-square statistics; inconsistency was measured with the I2 index. Pooled estimate was obtained by fitting both the fixed-effect and the DerSimonian and Laird random-effect model.Results: Eight studies and 401 patients were available for the meta-analysis; median follow-up was 32.8 months. The median delivered BED was 105.6 Gy(RBE). A BED >= 105.6 Gy(RBE) consistently provided superior OS, CSS, DFS and LC rates (i.e.: 4-year OS: 0.56 [0.34-0.76] for BED < 105.6 Gy(RBE) and 0.78 [0.64-0.88] for BED >= 105.6 Gy(RBE)). The meta-analysis of proportions showed a comparable probability of developing acute grade >= 2 toxicity between the two groups, while the probability of any late grade >= 2 event was almost three-times greater for BED >= 105.6 Gy(RBE), with rib fractures being more common in the high dose group.Conclusion: Hypofractionated PBT is a safe and effective treatment option for ES-NSCLC; the delivery of BED >= 105.6 Gy(RBE) with advanced techniques for uncertainty management has been associated with improved oncological outcomes across all considered time points.