We often receive messages about adolescent crises and discomfort. However, many believe these dimensions are intrinsic to Western societies, where young people have had to learn to live in. We can thus conceive discomfort as a learned condition and, therefore, an object of pedagogical science. Discomfort can become a "way of being" that substantially affects adolescents' mental health since it undermines their ability to desire and, therefore, to plan their future. This study aims to understand how the school can prevent distress and promote adolescents' mental health. Therefore, in the first chapter, we analyzed the leading theories on adolescence, gradually focusing attention from "adolescence" to "the experience of adolescence." In the second chapter, we explained our theoretical position on mental health and discomfort; we then proposed some reflections on the connections between pedagogical work and health promotion and prevention constructs. In the third chapter, we reported the main results of our scoping review concerning the characteristics of the interventions aimed at promoting adolescents' mental health and preventing discomfort at school, as documented in the literature. According to these theoretical considerations, we focused our research questions: is it possible to prevent mental discomfort in Italian schools? In this context, is the idea of prevention conceived as a "pedagogical elaboration of the experience"? Is prevention gone beyond informative (or even moralistic) models? What role do teachers have in this type of preventive activity? To what extent do they feel responsible and able to implement those actions? Starting from the framework outlined in the second part of this study, we expose the results of our qualitative research, based on the phenomenological-hermeneutic method, which was aimed at deepening the topics of mental health promotion and prevention of discomfort in the Italian school. Through purposeful sampling and snowballing strategies, this study involved a group of high school teachers and/or principals and students in the last year of high school who were supposed to be particularly sensitive to the issues under investigation. Mainly, we explored the participants' representations, reflections, and experiences regarding mental health and adolescent discomfort, as well as the teacher's and the school's perceived role in promoting the former and preventing the latter. One of the main findings of our study is that professionals reported an idea of mental health promotion strictly related to the pedagogical work teachers should (re)start doing at school, together with teaching their discipline. To prevent distress, the students emphasized the importance of creating a positive relational climate in the classroom based on non-judgmental and mutual listening. This climate should overcome the idea of a school conceived as an environment where just performances are developed and evaluated. In general, the study results lead us to conclude that promoting mental health and preventing adolescent discomfort at school is feasible and practicable in daily classroom work. Interventions carried out by experts can be helpful. However, the teacher has to help the students to work on their experience, which is often an experience of distress. This should be part of an intentional educational process that has also a preventive significance. Unfortunately, only some teachers are aware of the pedagogical activities they can do while teaching their discipline. Many of them need to learn how to carry it out, as they are adequately trained just in a few cases. Thanks to this pedagogical activity, teachers can work for the students' desire so that they do not limit themselves to "resisting" difficulties they face in the real world. Teachers can work activating possibilities for students to "grown-up" in the world, as subjects together with other subjects, to think of themselves as people with a future.

Sentiamo spesso parlare di crisi e disagio adolescenziali. Tuttavia, molti ritengono che tali dimensioni siano intrinseche alla società occidentale, nella quale i giovani hanno dovuto imparare a stare. Il disagio può essere così inteso come condizione appresa e, quindi, oggetto di studio pedagogico. Esso può diventare un “modo di essere” che ha delle importanti ripercussioni sulla salute mentale degli adolescenti, poiché mette in crisi la loro possibilità di desiderare e, dunque, il loro futuro. Lo scopo di questo studio è comprendere come la scuola possa prevenire il disagio e promuovere la salute mentale degli adolescenti. Pertanto, nel primo capitolo abbiamo analizzato le principali teorie sull’adolescenza, focalizzando gradualmente l’attenzione dalla “adolescenza” al “fare esperienza di adolescenza”. Nel secondo capitolo abbiamo esplicitato la nostra postura teorica rispetto alla salute mentale e al disagio; abbiamo poi proposto delle riflessioni sul legame tra l’educazione e i costrutti di promozione e prevenzione. Nel terzo capitolo abbiamo riportato i principali risultati della nostra scoping review inerente alle caratteristiche degli interventi di promozione della salute mentale e di prevenzione del disagio degli adolescenti svolti a scuola, a oggi documentati in letteratura. Alla luce di tutto questo, ci siamo chiesti: è possibile oggi fare prevenzione del disagio mentale nella scuola italiana? Si sta diffondendo in tale contesto l’idea di una prevenzione intesa come “elaborazione pedagogica dell’esperienza”, che va oltre i modelli della prevenzione di tipo informativo (o addirittura moralistico)? Che ruolo hanno i docenti in questo tipo di attività? Quanto si sentono responsabili e in grado di attuarle? A partire dal quadro delineato, nella seconda parte della tesi abbiamo presentato i risultati di una ricerca qualitativa, basata sul metodo fenomenologico-ermeneutico, riguardante la promozione della salute mentale e la prevenzione del disagio nella scuola italiana. Tale studio ha coinvolto, con campionamento propositivo e snowballing, un gruppo di docenti e dirigenti scolastici delle scuole superiori e un gruppo di studenti dell’ultimo anno di scuola superiore di secondo grado, sensibili alle tematiche indagate. Nel dettaglio, sono state esplorate le rappresentazioni, le riflessioni, i vissuti dei partecipanti circa la salute mentale e il disagio degli adolescenti, oltre che il ruolo percepito del docente e della scuola nella promozione dell’una e nella prevenzione dell’altro. Uno dei risultati principali è che i professionisti hanno sottolineato che la promozione della salute mentale è strettamente connessa al lavoro educativo che i docenti dovrebbero (ri)cominciare a fare a scuola, parallelamente all’insegnamento della loro disciplina. Gli studenti hanno invece enfatizzato la creazione di un clima relazionale positivo in classe, basato sull’ascolto non giudicante; un clima che superi un’idea di scuola intesa come ambiente dove si sviluppano e si valutano performance. In generale, i risultati ci inducono a pensare che promuovere la salute mentale e prevenire il disagio degli adolescenti a scuola sia fattibile, anche e soprattutto nel lavoro quotidiano in classe. Gli interventi svolti da esperti possono essere utili, ma è il docente che deve aiutare quotidianamente i ragazzi a elaborare la loro esperienza, che spesso è di disagio. Affinché abbia delle potenzialità preventive, tale lavoro deve far parte di un processo educativo intenzionale. Purtroppo, non tutti i docenti sono consapevoli del lavoro autenticamente educativo che possono svolgere a scuola e molti non sanno portarlo avanti, poiché non sempre adeguatamente formati. È tuttavia grazie a ciò che il docente potrebbe lavorare per il desiderio dello studente, affinché questi non si limiti a resistere nel mondo, ma apprenda la possibilità di abitarlo, insieme ad altri soggetti, a pensarsi nel futuro.

(2023). IL DISAGIO DEGLI ADOLESCENTI: TORNARE A EDUCARE A SCUOLA PER PROMUOVERE LA SALUTE MENTALE. Uno studio qualitativo. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2023).

IL DISAGIO DEGLI ADOLESCENTI: TORNARE A EDUCARE A SCUOLA PER PROMUOVERE LA SALUTE MENTALE. Uno studio qualitativo

DANIELE, KATIA
2023

Abstract

We often receive messages about adolescent crises and discomfort. However, many believe these dimensions are intrinsic to Western societies, where young people have had to learn to live in. We can thus conceive discomfort as a learned condition and, therefore, an object of pedagogical science. Discomfort can become a "way of being" that substantially affects adolescents' mental health since it undermines their ability to desire and, therefore, to plan their future. This study aims to understand how the school can prevent distress and promote adolescents' mental health. Therefore, in the first chapter, we analyzed the leading theories on adolescence, gradually focusing attention from "adolescence" to "the experience of adolescence." In the second chapter, we explained our theoretical position on mental health and discomfort; we then proposed some reflections on the connections between pedagogical work and health promotion and prevention constructs. In the third chapter, we reported the main results of our scoping review concerning the characteristics of the interventions aimed at promoting adolescents' mental health and preventing discomfort at school, as documented in the literature. According to these theoretical considerations, we focused our research questions: is it possible to prevent mental discomfort in Italian schools? In this context, is the idea of prevention conceived as a "pedagogical elaboration of the experience"? Is prevention gone beyond informative (or even moralistic) models? What role do teachers have in this type of preventive activity? To what extent do they feel responsible and able to implement those actions? Starting from the framework outlined in the second part of this study, we expose the results of our qualitative research, based on the phenomenological-hermeneutic method, which was aimed at deepening the topics of mental health promotion and prevention of discomfort in the Italian school. Through purposeful sampling and snowballing strategies, this study involved a group of high school teachers and/or principals and students in the last year of high school who were supposed to be particularly sensitive to the issues under investigation. Mainly, we explored the participants' representations, reflections, and experiences regarding mental health and adolescent discomfort, as well as the teacher's and the school's perceived role in promoting the former and preventing the latter. One of the main findings of our study is that professionals reported an idea of mental health promotion strictly related to the pedagogical work teachers should (re)start doing at school, together with teaching their discipline. To prevent distress, the students emphasized the importance of creating a positive relational climate in the classroom based on non-judgmental and mutual listening. This climate should overcome the idea of a school conceived as an environment where just performances are developed and evaluated. In general, the study results lead us to conclude that promoting mental health and preventing adolescent discomfort at school is feasible and practicable in daily classroom work. Interventions carried out by experts can be helpful. However, the teacher has to help the students to work on their experience, which is often an experience of distress. This should be part of an intentional educational process that has also a preventive significance. Unfortunately, only some teachers are aware of the pedagogical activities they can do while teaching their discipline. Many of them need to learn how to carry it out, as they are adequately trained just in a few cases. Thanks to this pedagogical activity, teachers can work for the students' desire so that they do not limit themselves to "resisting" difficulties they face in the real world. Teachers can work activating possibilities for students to "grown-up" in the world, as subjects together with other subjects, to think of themselves as people with a future.
ZANNINI, LUCIA
adolescenti; prevenzione disagio; salute mentale; scuola; studio qualitativo
adolescents; distress preventing; mental health; school; qualitative study
M-PED/01 - PEDAGOGIA GENERALE E SOCIALE
Italian
12-mag-2023
35
2021/2022
open
(2023). IL DISAGIO DEGLI ADOLESCENTI: TORNARE A EDUCARE A SCUOLA PER PROMUOVERE LA SALUTE MENTALE. Uno studio qualitativo. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2023).
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/10281/415458
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