Some texts in Gratian’s Decretum (mostly by Augustine of Hippo and Gregory the Great as well as conciliar canons from the 6th and 7th centuries) dealt with the topic of the correction of regular and secular clergy by the hierarchical superiors, especially the bishop and the abbot. In a diocese, the bishop had to control the clerics subject to his authority personally – at least from a theoretical point of view. In a monastery, the same was true of the abbot, who had to act according the rule of his order. For this purpose, they had some ‘instruments’ to lead those who had infringed some rules, had disobeyed some orders, or had behaved badly – in other words, those who had been indisciplinated – to the ‘straight path’. Warning, exhorting or even threatening them were the first ways to go. Yet, however authoritative these warnings were, they risked being ignored if tools to make them effective were missing. The lawfulness and modality of exercising violence as an instrument of correction, chastisement, and punishment – commonly accepted at all levels of society, as it was also recommended by the Holy Scriptures –, however, did not clearly emerge from the chapters of Gratian. Indeed, on the one hand, some of them allowed it; on the other hand, some seemed to consider it with hesitation and set limits – or even prohibitions – since it was not convenient for men of the Church to resort to such means or to be subjected to them. One chapter, in particular, hampered seriously the use of force for disciplinary purposes. It was a later text (at least in its definitive formulation), that is the well-known can. 15 (Si quis suadente) of the Second Lateran Council (1139), which had introduced the physical intangibility of consecrated persons under penalty of excommunication. Thus, clerics gained sacredness, which seemed to make it very hard for the superior to use the traditional ‘educational’ tools. However, several decretals (by Alexander III, Celestine III, Innocent III, and Gregory IX) implemented the matter, providing for a series of exceptions to the so-called privilegium canonis. Therefore, those who exercised a legitimate power, which could therefore also be physical coercion over their subjects, did not take the risk of incurring excommunication. Canonists carried out the pivotal task of coordinating the various sources on this topic, above all by interpreting the texts of the Decretum in the light of the ius novum, trying to clearly define the limits, modalities, and scope of the powers of correction of the subjects who were fully legitimated to chastise clerics and monks to bound their immorality, divert them from their inclination to sin, and face their disobedience and indiscipline.
Nel Decretum di Graziano trovarono accoglienza alcuni testi (per la maggior parte scritti di Agostino di Ippona e di Gregorio Magno e canoni conciliari del VI e del VII secolo) che trattavano il tema della correzione del clero regolare e secolare da parte del superiore gerarchico, in special modo del vescovo e dell’abate. All’interno di una diocesi, infatti, il vescovo era chiamato in prima persona a intervenire per controllare i chierici sottoposti alla sua autorità. Lo stesso valeva per l’abate nel monastero che reggeva. Quali erano gli strumenti a loro disposizione per condurre verso l’emenda chi avesse dato segni e compiuto gesti classificabili come indisciplina? Sicuramente ammonire, esortare o addirittura minacciare erano le prime strade da percorrere. Tuttavia, per quanto fossero autorevoli tali moniti, rischiavano di rimanere ignorati in mancanza di strumenti che li rendessero efficaci. La liceità e le modalità di esercizio dell’uso della violenza fisica quale strumento di correzione e punizione – comunemente accettato a tutti i livelli della società, dato che peraltro era raccomandato anche dalle Scritture –, non emergevano tuttavia in modo perspicuo dalla lettura dei capitoli grazianei. Infatti, a fronte del riconoscimento operato da alcuni di essi, altri sembravano guardarvi con titubanza e porvi limiti, se non addirittura divieti, poiché non era conveniente che uomini di Chiesa adoperassero tali mezzi o di tali mezzi fossero i destinatari. Un capitolo, in particolare, costituiva un serio ostacolo all’impiego della forza a fini disciplinari. Si trattava di un testo più tardo (almeno nella sua formulazione definitiva), cioè il celebre can. 15 (Si quis suadente) del II Concilio lateranense del 1139, che introducendo l’intangibilità fisica delle persone consacrate – pena la scomunica – ammantava la figura del chierico di un’aura di sacralità che pareva rendere assai difficile per il superiore avvalersi dei tradizionali strumenti 'educativi'. Tuttavia, numerose decretali successive (di Alessandro III, Celestino III, Innocenzo III e Gregorio IX) implementarono la materia, prevedendo una serie di eccezioni al cd. privilegium canonis. Si sollevavano così dal rischio di incorrere nella scomunica coloro che esercitavano verso i loro sottoposti una legittima potestà, che si poteva articolare pertanto anche nell’impiego della coercizione fisica. La scienza giuridica canonistica, da parte sua, svolgeva il fondamentale compito di coordinare tra loro le diverse fonti, soprattutto interpretando i testi del Decretum grazianeo alla luce dello ius novum di emanazione pontificia, cercando di definire con chiarezza i limiti, le modalità e la portata dei poteri di correzione dei soggetti che erano quindi pienamente legittimati a intervenire verso chierici e monaci per contenere la loro immoralità, distoglierli dalla propensione al peccato e contrastarne la disobbedienza e l’indisciplina.
Massironi, A. (2022). AN INSTRUMENT FOR THE SALVATION OF THE SOUL: THE CORRECTION OF THE ‘UNDISCIPLINATED’ CLERGY BETWEEN IUS VETUS AND IUS NOVUM [UNO STRUMENTO PER LA SALVEZZA DELL’ANIMA: LA CORREZIONE DEL CLERO ‘INDISCIPLINATO’ TRA IUS VETUS E IUS NOVUM]. ITALIAN REVIEW OF LEGAL HISTORY, 8(8), 433-474 [10.54103/2464-8914/19452].
AN INSTRUMENT FOR THE SALVATION OF THE SOUL: THE CORRECTION OF THE ‘UNDISCIPLINATED’ CLERGY BETWEEN IUS VETUS AND IUS NOVUM [UNO STRUMENTO PER LA SALVEZZA DELL’ANIMA: LA CORREZIONE DEL CLERO ‘INDISCIPLINATO’ TRA IUS VETUS E IUS NOVUM]
Massironi, A
2022
Abstract
Some texts in Gratian’s Decretum (mostly by Augustine of Hippo and Gregory the Great as well as conciliar canons from the 6th and 7th centuries) dealt with the topic of the correction of regular and secular clergy by the hierarchical superiors, especially the bishop and the abbot. In a diocese, the bishop had to control the clerics subject to his authority personally – at least from a theoretical point of view. In a monastery, the same was true of the abbot, who had to act according the rule of his order. For this purpose, they had some ‘instruments’ to lead those who had infringed some rules, had disobeyed some orders, or had behaved badly – in other words, those who had been indisciplinated – to the ‘straight path’. Warning, exhorting or even threatening them were the first ways to go. Yet, however authoritative these warnings were, they risked being ignored if tools to make them effective were missing. The lawfulness and modality of exercising violence as an instrument of correction, chastisement, and punishment – commonly accepted at all levels of society, as it was also recommended by the Holy Scriptures –, however, did not clearly emerge from the chapters of Gratian. Indeed, on the one hand, some of them allowed it; on the other hand, some seemed to consider it with hesitation and set limits – or even prohibitions – since it was not convenient for men of the Church to resort to such means or to be subjected to them. One chapter, in particular, hampered seriously the use of force for disciplinary purposes. It was a later text (at least in its definitive formulation), that is the well-known can. 15 (Si quis suadente) of the Second Lateran Council (1139), which had introduced the physical intangibility of consecrated persons under penalty of excommunication. Thus, clerics gained sacredness, which seemed to make it very hard for the superior to use the traditional ‘educational’ tools. However, several decretals (by Alexander III, Celestine III, Innocent III, and Gregory IX) implemented the matter, providing for a series of exceptions to the so-called privilegium canonis. Therefore, those who exercised a legitimate power, which could therefore also be physical coercion over their subjects, did not take the risk of incurring excommunication. Canonists carried out the pivotal task of coordinating the various sources on this topic, above all by interpreting the texts of the Decretum in the light of the ius novum, trying to clearly define the limits, modalities, and scope of the powers of correction of the subjects who were fully legitimated to chastise clerics and monks to bound their immorality, divert them from their inclination to sin, and face their disobedience and indiscipline.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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