Benthic foraminifera as proxy for fossil seagrass from the Lower Pleistocene deposits of the Stirone River (Emilia-Romagna, Italy)

This paper analyses and describes the benthic foraminiferal associations within the Pleistocene deposits of the Stirone River (Emilia-Romagna, Italy), with the purpose of testing foraminifera as Indirect Palaeo-Seagrass Indicators (IPSIs). Our analyses focused on two different biofacies: a Thalassinoides biofacies, characterised by an oligotypic biotic assemblage and a Pinna biofacies representing an infralittoral soft bottom colonised by marine phanerogams and characterized by high biodiversity. To strengthen the analyses, we have compared the Stirone foraminiferal association with the one of Fauglia (Tuscany, Italy), in which a well-preserved, early Pleistocene, fossil Posidonia meadow, is present. The aim of this work is to provide qualitative and quantitative parameters that can be used to recognize past vegetated environments, where fossil seagrass are no longer present. Considering the influence of ecological constraints and diagenetic processes on the foraminiferal assemblages, several indexes such as the IndexEP, the modified FORAM index (FI’), the “long vs. short life-span index” (ILS), and the K/REXT (keeled/rounded morphotypes) have been calculated and a morphotype-based analysis has been provided. Among the tested indexes, the latter proved to be the most reliable IPSI, in association with the presence of morphotype A*, permanently attached, encrusting foraminifera and the abundance of Rosalinidae.