The moment in which we live is dominated by notable technological advancements, leading to a series of benefits (e.g., flexibility) and disadvantages (e.g., information overload) for workers and university students. The adverse factors may raise their chances of getting psychophysical health problems. Moreover, the current spread of the COVID-19 may have worsened antecedent stress-related disease. For several years, organizations and universities have been looking for new approaches to promote the wellbeing of workers and students, as traditional face-to-face interventions do not always seem to be effective or seem not to be used. Mobile apps make it possible to deliver unobtrusive, anonymous interventions and reach a broader range of participants. To date, the effectiveness of mobile-based app interventions is still unclear. In addition, there is a need to clarify the role of user engagement, usability, and technology acceptance, which are often neglected, but could influence the intention to use mobile-app interventions and impact their effectiveness. To advance the limited research on this topic and fill the current gaps, this dissertation focuses on mobile-based interventions as a solution to decrease stress and improve wellbeing, as well as on facilitators and barriers involved in the use of such interventions and their effectiveness. Chapter 1 systematically reviews studies on workplace smartphone-based interventions. Results indicate that most of these interventions focused on physical health and that user engagement, usability and technology acceptance should be considered in designing mobile-based interventions and evaluating their effectiveness. Chapter 2 tests the measurement invariance of the Technology Acceptance Model scale among university students from Italy and Germany and whether TAM is structurally invariant across countries. Results support the measurement invariance of the TAM scale. The structural invariance of the TAM model is only partially confirmed. Although perceived usefulness (PU) and ease of use (PEOU) impact students' intention to use mobile apps in both countries, PEUO is positively related to PU in the Italian sample only. These results allow a cross-national perspective to understand students' intention to use mobile apps for stress management. Chapter 3 integrates the TAM with personal and contextual factors affecting the acceptance of mobile-based apps for workplace stress management and well-being promotion. Results show that personal innovativeness impacts INT, while smartphone-related self-efficacy and organizational support for innovation indirectly affect INT via PU and PEOU. These results shed light on factors contributing to users’ acceptance of app-based interventions for mental health. Chapter 4 investigates the effectiveness of a mobile app named WellBe! that the Bicocca Center for Applied Psychology developed to provide students with well-being promotion interventions. Results show that the intervention group reports good engagement levels and perceived usability, in addition to an increase in general health, life satisfaction scores and mindfulness level after the intervention. However, there are no statistically significant differences in psychological capital and stress levels reported by participants pre-and post-intervention. Overall, WellBe! displays promising results. In sum, a paradigm shift in intervention design is taking place from a face-to-face to a mobile-based approach. This shift results from society's need for more effective interventions to manage stress. This dissertation underlines some critical open issues that organizations and universities should address before adopting mobile-based intervention, in order to increase the chances of intervention success, and after the intervention delivery to capture the reasons for its effectiveness.

L’attuale avanzamento tecnologico ha portato una serie di benefici (es. flessibilità) e svantaggi (es. sovraccarico di informazioni) a lavoratori e studenti. I fattori avversi possono aumentare le possibilità di sviluppare problemi di salute psicofisica. Inoltre, la diffusione del COVID-19 ha peggiorato le esistenti problematiche stress-correlate. Le aziende e le università sono ancora alla ricerca di nuovi approcci per la promozione del benessere di lavoratori e studenti, poiché gli interventi tradizionali in presenza sembrano essere non sempre efficaci e poco utilizzati. Le mobile-app permettono di erogare interventi non-intrusivi, anonimi e di coinvolgere un maggior numero di partecipanti. Tuttavia, l’efficacia di tali interventi è ancora poco chiara. Inoltre, fattori come user engagement, usabilità e accettazione della tecnologia, spesso sottovalutati, potrebbero influenzare l’intenzione di utilizzare gli interventi erogati tramite app e influenzarne l’efficacia. La presente tesi di dottorato si è concentrata sugli interventi mobile-based, visti come una soluzione volta a diminuire lo stress e promuovere il benessere, e sui facilitatori e le barriere coinvolte nell’utilizzo e nell’efficacia di tali interventi. Abbiamo considerato sia i lavoratori, sia gli studenti universitari, due categorie particolarmente soggette al rischio stress. Il primo capitolo consiste in una revisione sistematica della letteratura, focalizzata sugli studi esistenti riguardo gli interventi smartphone-based in ambito lavorativo. I risultati indicano che gli interventi si focalizzano principalmente sulla salute fisica e che l’user engagement, l’accettazione della tecnologia e l’usabilità dovrebbero essere considerati nella progettazione di interventi mobile-based e nella valutazione della loro efficacia. Il secondo capitolo valuta l’invarianza di misura e strutturale del Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), da una prospettiva cross-nazionale, considerando un campione di studenti universitari italiani e tedeschi. I risultati confermano l’invarianza di misura, e l’influenza della percezione di facilità d’uso (PU) e dell’utilità (PU) degli studenti sulla loro intenzione d’utilizzo (INT) di una app per la promozione del benessere e gestione dello stress. Lo studio ha dimostrato la relazione diretta tra PEOU e PU solo nel campione di studenti italiani. Il terzo capitolo riguarda l’integrazione del TAM con variabili personali e contestuali che potrebbero influenzare l’accettazione di una app per la promozione del benessere e la gestione dello stress in azienda. I risultati mostrano che l’innovatività personale ha un impatto diretto su INT e che l’autoefficacia percepita nell’uso dello smartphone e il supporto organizzativo all’innovazione influenzano indirettamente l’INT, via PU e PEOU. Il quarto capitolo si focalizza sullo studio dell’efficacia di WellBe!, una app per la promozione del benessere e la gestione dello stress di studenti universitari, sviluppata dal Bicocca Center for Applied Psychology. I risultati mostrano che il gruppo sperimentale ha riportato buoni livelli di user engagement e di usabilità. L’utilizzo dell’app sembra aver avuto un effetto sul miglioramento dei livelli di salute, soddisfazione e mindfulness subito dopo l’intervento. Tuttavia, WellBe! non ha diminuito lo stress percepito e non ha aumentato il capitale psicologico. In conclusione, gli studi presentati hanno messo in luce un cambio di paradigma, dagli interventi faccia-a-faccia a un approccio mobile-based. Questo cambiamento deriva anche dalla necessità di interventi più efficaci per gestire lo stress. Questa tesi sottolinea alcune questioni aperte che le organizzazioni e le università dovrebbero affrontare prima di adottare interventi mobile-based, in modo da aumentare le probabilità di successo, e dopo l’implementazione degli stessi, per comprendere le ragioni della loro efficacia o inefficacia.

(2022). Mobile-based interventions for stress management: preliminary results on technology acceptance, users’ experience, and effectiveness of mobile apps. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2022).

Mobile-based interventions for stress management: preliminary results on technology acceptance, users’ experience, and effectiveness of mobile apps

PAGANIN, GIULIA
2022

Abstract

The moment in which we live is dominated by notable technological advancements, leading to a series of benefits (e.g., flexibility) and disadvantages (e.g., information overload) for workers and university students. The adverse factors may raise their chances of getting psychophysical health problems. Moreover, the current spread of the COVID-19 may have worsened antecedent stress-related disease. For several years, organizations and universities have been looking for new approaches to promote the wellbeing of workers and students, as traditional face-to-face interventions do not always seem to be effective or seem not to be used. Mobile apps make it possible to deliver unobtrusive, anonymous interventions and reach a broader range of participants. To date, the effectiveness of mobile-based app interventions is still unclear. In addition, there is a need to clarify the role of user engagement, usability, and technology acceptance, which are often neglected, but could influence the intention to use mobile-app interventions and impact their effectiveness. To advance the limited research on this topic and fill the current gaps, this dissertation focuses on mobile-based interventions as a solution to decrease stress and improve wellbeing, as well as on facilitators and barriers involved in the use of such interventions and their effectiveness. Chapter 1 systematically reviews studies on workplace smartphone-based interventions. Results indicate that most of these interventions focused on physical health and that user engagement, usability and technology acceptance should be considered in designing mobile-based interventions and evaluating their effectiveness. Chapter 2 tests the measurement invariance of the Technology Acceptance Model scale among university students from Italy and Germany and whether TAM is structurally invariant across countries. Results support the measurement invariance of the TAM scale. The structural invariance of the TAM model is only partially confirmed. Although perceived usefulness (PU) and ease of use (PEOU) impact students' intention to use mobile apps in both countries, PEUO is positively related to PU in the Italian sample only. These results allow a cross-national perspective to understand students' intention to use mobile apps for stress management. Chapter 3 integrates the TAM with personal and contextual factors affecting the acceptance of mobile-based apps for workplace stress management and well-being promotion. Results show that personal innovativeness impacts INT, while smartphone-related self-efficacy and organizational support for innovation indirectly affect INT via PU and PEOU. These results shed light on factors contributing to users’ acceptance of app-based interventions for mental health. Chapter 4 investigates the effectiveness of a mobile app named WellBe! that the Bicocca Center for Applied Psychology developed to provide students with well-being promotion interventions. Results show that the intervention group reports good engagement levels and perceived usability, in addition to an increase in general health, life satisfaction scores and mindfulness level after the intervention. However, there are no statistically significant differences in psychological capital and stress levels reported by participants pre-and post-intervention. Overall, WellBe! displays promising results. In sum, a paradigm shift in intervention design is taking place from a face-to-face to a mobile-based approach. This shift results from society's need for more effective interventions to manage stress. This dissertation underlines some critical open issues that organizations and universities should address before adopting mobile-based intervention, in order to increase the chances of intervention success, and after the intervention delivery to capture the reasons for its effectiveness.
SIMBULA, SILVIA
smartphone-based; app-interventions; TAM; user experience; cross-national
smartphone-based; app-interventions; TAM; user experience; cross-national
M-PSI/06 - PSICOLOGIA DEL LAVORO E DELLE ORGANIZZAZIONI
English
20-mag-2022
PSICOLOGIA, LINGUISTICA E NEUROSCIENZE COGNITIVE
34
2020/2021
embargoed_20250520
(2022). Mobile-based interventions for stress management: preliminary results on technology acceptance, users’ experience, and effectiveness of mobile apps. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2022).
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/10281/378812
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