In the various formulations of the idea of ​​public reason, ethics has often been placed as a guarantee of the boundary between politics and religion. Within a framework of deliberative democracy, ethics of citizenship have in fact been formulated variously aimed at delimiting the role of religious reasons and languages ​​within the processes of public justification. The proposals of John Rawls, Jürgen Habermas, Robert Audi, Gerald Gaus go in this direction. This family of approaches is based on a shared premise: that in a democratic community, citizens can raise requests on the basis of moral authority between equals, exercised in the mutual exchange of reasons that everyone can support. Within the scope of this premise, the proposals differed in relation to the contents of these reasons, the methods of deliberation and the burdens imposed on religious and secular citizens. Recently, however, Robert Talisse has suggested a significant shift in the motivated debate of the practical and theoretical erosion of the premise itself: the recognition of a moral authority among equals as fellow citizens. From a practical point of view, we have witnessed the global rise of religious nationalisms and populisms: Hindu nationalism, Turkish Islamic authoritarianism, American and Brazilian evangelical populism, European sovereignties, Buddhist nationalism in Myanmar. Here the relationship of the religious element with the processes of justification does not concern the contents of the deliberation but rather the systematic decrease in the status of moral authority of some participants who, adversaries or minorities, are excluded from the epistemic and moral boundaries of the "people". The polarization of political discourse is not fed so much by the content of the discussion, but by the delegitimization of the interlocutor. From a theoretical point of view, competitive models of democracy have attributed the explosion of these authoritarian phenomena to the inability of the liberal idea of ​​public reason to account for the conflicting nature of democracy. For authors such as Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe, political societies are irreducibly divided between collective identities that clash for hegemony over the interpretation of fundamental ethical-political principles. In this dynamic, religions provide linguistic and symbolic heritages which are decisive in the processes of identity construction. To reformulate the terms of an ethics of democratic citizenship, it is necessary to re-establish the premise of the recognition of moral authority among equals of citizens, breaking the polarization that rewrites their interactions in the pervasive logic of the opposition between closed epistemic and moral communities, whose identity borders they forcefully align religious, political and nationalist repertoires. One can reflexively recover an experience of moral authority among equals, removed from the polarizing scheme, considering the normative properties implicit in the experience of widespread social cooperation within professional and civil practices. Here citizens experience their own co-involvement with moral agents who contribute to cooperation by drawing on the resources of their different religious traditions and the morally exemplary figures in the exercise of these practices - in the meaning advanced by Linda Zagzebski and others - are transversal to respect to the political perimeters of identity. Reflexively assuming this experience in the exercise of citizenship duties entails a duty to recognize the moral authority of such agents also as interlocutors in the political definition of the terms of social cooperation.

Nelle diverse formulazioni dell’idea di ragione pubblica, l’etica è stata spesso posta a garanzia del confine fra politica e religione. Entro una cornice di democrazia deliberativa, si sono infatti variamente formulate etiche della cittadinanza volte a delimitare il ruolo di ragioni e linguaggi religiosi all’interno dei processi di giustificazione pubblica. Vanno in questa direzione le proposte di John Rawls, Jürgen Habermas, Robert Audi, Gerald Gaus. Tale famiglia di approcci si basa su una premessa condivisa: che in una comunità democratica i cittadini possano sollevare richieste sulla base di un’autorità morale fra eguali, esercitata nello scambio reciproco di ragioni che tutti possano sostenere. Entro il perimetro di tale premessa, le proposte si sono differenziate in rapporto ai contenuti di tali ragioni, alle modalità della deliberazione e agli oneri imposti ai cittadini religiosi e secolari. Recentemente, tuttavia, Robert Talisse ha suggerito uno spostamento significativo del dibattito motivato dell’erosione pratica e teorica della premessa stessa: il riconoscimento di un’autorità morale fra eguali in quanto concittadini. Dal punto di vista pratico, si è assistito all’ascesa globale di nazionalismi e populismi di matrice religiosa: nazionalismo hindu, autoritarismo islamico turco, populismo evangelico americano e brasiliano, sovranismi europei, nazionalismo buddhista in Myanmar. Qui il rapporto dell’elemento religioso con i processi di giustificazione non riguarda i contenuti della deliberazione quanto piuttosto la diminuzione sistematica dello status di autorità morale di alcuni partecipanti che, avversari o minoranze, vengono esclusi dai confini epistemici e morali del “popolo”. La polarizzazione del discorso politico non si alimenta tanto del contenuto della discussione, quanto della delegittimazione dell’interlocutore. Dal punto di vista teorico, i modelli agonistici di democrazia hanno attribuito l’esplosione di questi fenomeni autoritari all’incapacità dell’idea liberale di ragione pubblica di rendere conto della natura conflittuale della democrazia. Per autori come Ernesto Laclau e Chantal Mouffe, le società politiche sono irriducibilmente divise fra identità collettive che si scontrano per l’egemonia sull’interpretazione dei principi etico-politici fondamentali. In questa dinamica, le religioni forniscono patrimoni linguistici e simbolici decisivi nei processi di costruzione di identità. Per riformulare i termini di un’etica della cittadinanza democratica occorre ristabilire la premessa del riconoscimento dell’autorità morale fra eguali dei cittadini, rompendo la polarizzazione che ritrascrive le loro interazioni nella logica pervasiva della contrapposizione fra comunità epistemiche e morali chiuse, i cui confini identitari allineano forzatamente repertori religiosi, politici e nazionalisti. Si può recuperare riflessivamente un’esperienza dell’autorità morale fra eguali, sottratta allo schema polarizzante, considerando le proprietà normative implicite nell’esperienza della diffusa cooperazione sociale all’interno di pratiche professionali e civili. Qui i cittadini fanno esperienza della propria co-implicazione con agenti morali che concorrono alla cooperazione attingendo alle risorse delle loro diverse tradizioni religiose e le figure moralmente esemplari nell’esercizio di tali pratiche – nell’accezione avanzata da Linda Zagzebski e altri – sono trasversali rispetto ai perimetri politici identitari. Assumere riflessivamente tale esperienza nell’esercizio dei compiti di cittadinanza comporta un dovere di riconoscere l’autorità morale di tali agenti anche quali interlocutori nella definizione politica dei termini della cooperazione sociale.

Monti, P. (2022). Erosioni della ragione pubblica. Autorità ed esemplarità morale nel riferimento politico al religioso. In G. Cogliandro, G. Costanzo (a cura di), Etica e politica (pp. 201-219). Nocera Inferiore (SA) : Orthotes.

Erosioni della ragione pubblica. Autorità ed esemplarità morale nel riferimento politico al religioso

Monti, P
2022

Abstract

In the various formulations of the idea of ​​public reason, ethics has often been placed as a guarantee of the boundary between politics and religion. Within a framework of deliberative democracy, ethics of citizenship have in fact been formulated variously aimed at delimiting the role of religious reasons and languages ​​within the processes of public justification. The proposals of John Rawls, Jürgen Habermas, Robert Audi, Gerald Gaus go in this direction. This family of approaches is based on a shared premise: that in a democratic community, citizens can raise requests on the basis of moral authority between equals, exercised in the mutual exchange of reasons that everyone can support. Within the scope of this premise, the proposals differed in relation to the contents of these reasons, the methods of deliberation and the burdens imposed on religious and secular citizens. Recently, however, Robert Talisse has suggested a significant shift in the motivated debate of the practical and theoretical erosion of the premise itself: the recognition of a moral authority among equals as fellow citizens. From a practical point of view, we have witnessed the global rise of religious nationalisms and populisms: Hindu nationalism, Turkish Islamic authoritarianism, American and Brazilian evangelical populism, European sovereignties, Buddhist nationalism in Myanmar. Here the relationship of the religious element with the processes of justification does not concern the contents of the deliberation but rather the systematic decrease in the status of moral authority of some participants who, adversaries or minorities, are excluded from the epistemic and moral boundaries of the "people". The polarization of political discourse is not fed so much by the content of the discussion, but by the delegitimization of the interlocutor. From a theoretical point of view, competitive models of democracy have attributed the explosion of these authoritarian phenomena to the inability of the liberal idea of ​​public reason to account for the conflicting nature of democracy. For authors such as Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe, political societies are irreducibly divided between collective identities that clash for hegemony over the interpretation of fundamental ethical-political principles. In this dynamic, religions provide linguistic and symbolic heritages which are decisive in the processes of identity construction. To reformulate the terms of an ethics of democratic citizenship, it is necessary to re-establish the premise of the recognition of moral authority among equals of citizens, breaking the polarization that rewrites their interactions in the pervasive logic of the opposition between closed epistemic and moral communities, whose identity borders they forcefully align religious, political and nationalist repertoires. One can reflexively recover an experience of moral authority among equals, removed from the polarizing scheme, considering the normative properties implicit in the experience of widespread social cooperation within professional and civil practices. Here citizens experience their own co-involvement with moral agents who contribute to cooperation by drawing on the resources of their different religious traditions and the morally exemplary figures in the exercise of these practices - in the meaning advanced by Linda Zagzebski and others - are transversal to respect to the political perimeters of identity. Reflexively assuming this experience in the exercise of citizenship duties entails a duty to recognize the moral authority of such agents also as interlocutors in the political definition of the terms of social cooperation.
Capitolo o saggio
Public reason, Religion and politics, Populism, Moral exemplarism, John Rawls, Jürgen Habermas, Robert Audi, Gerald Gaus, Ernesto Laclau, Chantal Mouffe, Linda Zagzebski
Ragione pubblica, Religione e politica, Populismo, Esemplarismo morale, John Rawls, Jürgen Habermas, Robert Audi, Gerald Gaus, Ernesto Laclau, Chantal Mouffe, Linda Zagzebski
Italian
Etica e politica
Cogliandro, G; Costanzo, G
2022
9788893143400
VIII
Orthotes
201
219
Monti, P. (2022). Erosioni della ragione pubblica. Autorità ed esemplarità morale nel riferimento politico al religioso. In G. Cogliandro, G. Costanzo (a cura di), Etica e politica (pp. 201-219). Nocera Inferiore (SA) : Orthotes.
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/10281/366588
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