Potential and constraints of different seawater and freshwater blends as growing media for three vegetable crops

Alternative water sources for irrigation are needed to be found, as agriculture is currently using the 70% of total freshwater. Seawater use for growing crops has long been studied; while an agriculture based on pure seawater is currently impossible, seawater hydroponics may be viable, not aggravating salinization problems in soils. This work aimed at assessing the possibility of growing lettuce, chard and chicory with 3 seawater and freshwater blends (i.e. 5%–10%–15% of seawater). We investigated: i) crops growth, water consumptions, water use efficiency (WUE), water productivity (WP); ii) photosynthetic parameters; iii) principal mineral elements, soluble sugars and phenolics concentration. Lettuce productivity was negatively affected by 10% and 15% of seawater, whereas chard and chicory's growth were not affected by any blend. Interestingly, water consumptions dropped and WUE significantly upturned in every tested crop accordingly with increased seawater concentrations. Leaf concentration of Na+ and of some other ions increased. We concluded that certain amounts of seawater can be practically used in hydroponics, allowing freshwater saving and increasing certain mineral nutrients concentrations.