Nowadays, the people get older and older thanks to a better life-style, but consequently, carrying on pathologies typical of the old age, included aging. The aging is a complex physiological process and age-related changes are evident anatomically and physiologically in the BBB. The accumulation of oxidative damage to macromolecules by RONS and ROS in BBB can be crucial in the development and progression of different CNS pathologies. In this situation, cerebral ischemia could further alter the oxidant/antioxidant balance in favour of oxidants. In this scenario, nutrition can counteract the oxidative impacts, polyphenol-enriched diets can provide beneficial effects, preventing cognitive decline and degenerative disorders. More recently, coffee has been described as a very important source of antioxidant compounds (Ricci A. et al., 2018) but its production generates large amount of waste. According to these guidelines, the aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant properties of several coffee-related compounds alone and combined together in an in vitro model of ischemia. The compounds used were: phytoextracts deriving from the waste of coffee production and enriched in specific polyphenolic components; and coffee metabolites found in plasma of people drinking coffee. The moment after reoxygenation causes a considerable increase in ROS, reaching a maximum peak within 1 hour of the restoration of normal culture conditions (Adibhatla RM et al., 2001). Therefore, for the evaluation of the antioxidant properties after OGD, the time span 0-1h immediately following recovery was chosen as the condition of greatest stress. Therefore, in order to evaluate the antioxidant properties of the coffee compound under OGD, the antioxidant pathway Nrf2 was analyzed within 0-1h, immediately following recovery. Evaluations were performed on the state of phosphorylation of Erk and Akt kinases, which if active promote Nrf2 migration in the nucleus, on the levels of the Nrf2 protein and on its intracellular distribution, and finally on the protein levels of HO-1, as one of its genes target. Furthermore, the protein Hsp70, which is involved in the control of protein folding, was also evaluated. Finally, malondialdehyde (MDA) production was measured as a marker of lipid peroxidation 24 hours after recovery. The results suggested the ability of coffee-related compounds to activate the Nrf2 signaling pathway differently and only the pre-treatment with metabolites modulated positively Hsp70. MDA results suggested that the presence of the antioxidant compounds, tested alone or combined, had a positive effect on its modulation. The results showed the antioxidant properties of phytoextracts and specific coffee metabolites, suggesting that the substances stimulate the antioxidant response by activating different pathways, which combined together in the mix, could enhance antioxidant defense. The antioxidant effect of coffee metabolites could indicate that the moderate intake of coffee every day in elderly subjects exposed to aging and greater risk of ischemic insult, could contribute to the reduction of oxidative stress by limiting reperfusion damage in the case of ischemic attacks. These defenses could be increased through the phytoextracts derived from coffee ingested as food supplements. The reuse of this waste biomass, would have a positive impact on both the economy and the ecosystem, as it would significantly reduce pollution.

Negli ultimi secoli, l'aspettativa di vita è aumentata grazie a uno stile di vita migliore, ma di conseguenza sono aumentate le patologie legate all'invecchiamento. L'invecchiamento è un processo fisiologico complesso e modificazioni legate all'età sono evidenti anatomicamente e fisiologicamente nella BEE. L'accumulo di danno ossidativo alle macromolecole da parte di RONS e ROS in BEE può essere cruciale nello sviluppo e nella progressione di diverse patologie del SNC. In questa situazione l'ischemia cerebrale potrebbe alterare ulteriormente l'equilibrio ossidante/antiossidante a favore degli ossidanti. In questo scenario, l'alimentazione può contrastare gli impatti ossidativi e le diete arricchite di polifenoli possono fornire effetti benefici. Il caffè è stato descritto come una fonte molto importante di composti antiossidanti (Ricci A. et al., 2018), ma la sua lavorazione produce ogni anno grosse quantità di scarto (Mussatto et al., 2011). Seguendo queste linee guida, lo scopo di questo studio era di valutare le proprietà antiossidanti di diversi composti correlati al caffè, da soli e combinati insieme, in un modello in vitro di ischemia. I composti utilizzati sono stati: fitoestratti derivanti dagli scarti della produzione del caffè e arricchiti in specifici componenti polifenolici; e metaboliti del caffè individuati nel plasma di persone che bevono caffè. Il momento successivo alla riossigenazione provoca un aumento dei ROS, raggiungendo un picco massimo entro 1h dal ripristino delle normali condizioni di coltura (Adibhatla RM et al., 2001). Pertanto, per la valutazione delle proprietà antiossidanti dopo OGD, come condizione di maggior stress è stato scelto l'intervallo 0-1h immediatamente successivo al recupero. Quindi, al fine di valutare le proprietà antiossidanti dei composti del caffè in OGD, sono state effettuate valutazioni sullo stato di fosforilazione delle chinasi Erk e Akt, che se attive promuovono la migrazione di Nrf2 nel nucleo, sui livelli della proteina Nrf2 e sulla sua distribuzione intracellulare, ed infine sui livelli proteici di HO-1, come una dei suoi geni bersaglio. Inoltre, è stata valutata anche la proteina Hsp70, che è coinvolta nel controllo del ripiegamento delle proteine ed infine, è stata misurata la produzione di malondialdeide (MDA) 24 ore dopo il recupero come marker di perossidazione lipidica. I risultati hanno dimostrato la capacità dei composti correlati al caffè di riuscire ad attivare la via di segnalazione Nrf2 in modo diverso e che solo i metaboliti modulavano positivamente Hsp70. I risultati dell'MDA hanno suggerito che la presenza dei composti antiossidanti, testati da soli o combinati, aveva avuto un effetto positivo sulla sua modulazione. I risultati, quindi, hanno dimostrato le proprietà antiossidanti dei fitoestratti e dei metaboliti specifici del caffè, suggerendo che le sostanze stimolano la risposta antiossidante attivando diverse vie, che combinate insieme potrebbero potenziare la difesa antiossidante. L'effetto antiossidante dei metaboliti potrebbe indicare che l'assunzione moderata di caffè giornaliera in soggetti anziani esposti all'invecchiamento e maggior rischio di insulto ischemico, potrebbe contribuire alla riduzione dello stress ossidativo limitando il danno da riperfusione in caso di attacchi ischemici. Queste difese potrebbero essere aumentate attraverso i fitoestratti derivati dal caffè ingeriti come integratori alimentari. Il riutilizzo di questa biomassa di scarto, avrebbe un impatto positivo sia sull'economia che sull'ecosistema, in quanto ridurrebbe notevolmente l'inquinamento.

(2021). Nutrition interventions in aging: study of coffee-derived compounds antioxidant properties in an in vitro model of ischemia.. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2021).

Nutrition interventions in aging: study of coffee-derived compounds antioxidant properties in an in vitro model of ischemia.

CARROZZINI, TATIANA
2021

Abstract

Nowadays, the people get older and older thanks to a better life-style, but consequently, carrying on pathologies typical of the old age, included aging. The aging is a complex physiological process and age-related changes are evident anatomically and physiologically in the BBB. The accumulation of oxidative damage to macromolecules by RONS and ROS in BBB can be crucial in the development and progression of different CNS pathologies. In this situation, cerebral ischemia could further alter the oxidant/antioxidant balance in favour of oxidants. In this scenario, nutrition can counteract the oxidative impacts, polyphenol-enriched diets can provide beneficial effects, preventing cognitive decline and degenerative disorders. More recently, coffee has been described as a very important source of antioxidant compounds (Ricci A. et al., 2018) but its production generates large amount of waste. According to these guidelines, the aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant properties of several coffee-related compounds alone and combined together in an in vitro model of ischemia. The compounds used were: phytoextracts deriving from the waste of coffee production and enriched in specific polyphenolic components; and coffee metabolites found in plasma of people drinking coffee. The moment after reoxygenation causes a considerable increase in ROS, reaching a maximum peak within 1 hour of the restoration of normal culture conditions (Adibhatla RM et al., 2001). Therefore, for the evaluation of the antioxidant properties after OGD, the time span 0-1h immediately following recovery was chosen as the condition of greatest stress. Therefore, in order to evaluate the antioxidant properties of the coffee compound under OGD, the antioxidant pathway Nrf2 was analyzed within 0-1h, immediately following recovery. Evaluations were performed on the state of phosphorylation of Erk and Akt kinases, which if active promote Nrf2 migration in the nucleus, on the levels of the Nrf2 protein and on its intracellular distribution, and finally on the protein levels of HO-1, as one of its genes target. Furthermore, the protein Hsp70, which is involved in the control of protein folding, was also evaluated. Finally, malondialdehyde (MDA) production was measured as a marker of lipid peroxidation 24 hours after recovery. The results suggested the ability of coffee-related compounds to activate the Nrf2 signaling pathway differently and only the pre-treatment with metabolites modulated positively Hsp70. MDA results suggested that the presence of the antioxidant compounds, tested alone or combined, had a positive effect on its modulation. The results showed the antioxidant properties of phytoextracts and specific coffee metabolites, suggesting that the substances stimulate the antioxidant response by activating different pathways, which combined together in the mix, could enhance antioxidant defense. The antioxidant effect of coffee metabolites could indicate that the moderate intake of coffee every day in elderly subjects exposed to aging and greater risk of ischemic insult, could contribute to the reduction of oxidative stress by limiting reperfusion damage in the case of ischemic attacks. These defenses could be increased through the phytoextracts derived from coffee ingested as food supplements. The reuse of this waste biomass, would have a positive impact on both the economy and the ecosystem, as it would significantly reduce pollution.
BULBARELLI, ALESSANDRA
BULBARELLI, ALESSANDRA
Stress ossidativo; OGD; Caffè; Polifenoli; Antiossidante
Oxidative stress; OGD; Coffee; Polyphenols; Antiossidante
BIO/10 - BIOCHIMICA
English
16-mar-2021
NEUROSCIENZE
33
2019/2020
open
(2021). Nutrition interventions in aging: study of coffee-derived compounds antioxidant properties in an in vitro model of ischemia.. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2021).
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Descrizione: Nutrition interventions in aging: study of coffee-derived compounds antioxidant properties in an in vitro model of ischemia
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/10281/309808
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