Despite decades of surveillance and interventions, influenza viruses still represent a public health concern. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) also infects the respiratory system and can cause an influenza-like illness in infants, toddlers and in high-risk adults. During epidemics, despite good accuracy of diagnosis based on clinical presentation, specific diagnostic tests are required to confirm virus-specific infection. PCR-based assays are commonly used, requiring prior extraction of viral genomes to be amplified. This process is time consuming, needing skilled staff and equipped laboratories. LAMP (Loop Mediated Isothermal AMPlification) can solve several of these problems, as it is faster, precise, sensitive and specific. This isothermal DNA amplification method relies on the use of a thermostable DNA polymerase with strand displacement activity and six primers specifically designed to recognize eight distinct regions on the target gene. In DiaSorin the technology was improved giving rise to RT Q-LAMP: the coupling of reverse-transcription and amplification activity in one enzyme and the use of fluorescent probes (Q-probes) allows the real time detection and discrimination of multiple RNA targets. Therefore, the aim of this study is to develop a RT Q-LAMP assay in a multiplex strategy, targeting conserved regions of influenza A, B and RSV viruses to differentially diagnose these infections. Both reverse-transcription and amplification are performed in a single-step from unprocessed clinical specimens, represented by nasal or nasopharyngeal swabs (NPS), without viral nucleic acid extraction, allowing clinicians to obtain results in less than 60 minutes. RT Q-LAMP is performed thanks to Liaison MDX, a small and easy-to use thermocycler, used with its disposable disc named “Direct Amplification Disc” (DAD) which allows the amplification of non-extracted samples, thanks to the combination of centrifugal force and heat treatment. The so-developed RT Q-LAMP quadruplex assay is able to quickly, sensitively and specifically amplify and discriminate influenza A, B and RSV samples. The thermal protocol has been optimized introducing a sample-processing step ensuring detection of not-extracted viruses. Limit of Detection (LoD) of our assay was defined to be 1x10^3 copies/mL for all tested viruses and no false positives results were detected on over 100 replicates of Non Template Controls (NTC). Importantly, it successfully amplified 35 influenza A, 25 influenza B and 11 RSV subtypes and strains assayed with no cross-reactivity with any other microorganisms. Finally, influenza A, B and RSV RT Q-LAMP assay was validated testing 90 clinical samples from human patients with signs and symptoms of respiratory tract infections and 30 negative clinical samples. RT Q-LAMP results were compared to those obtained with standard diagnostic RT-PCR methods routinely used in the hospital laboratory: clinical specificity was 100% for all the targets assayed and the clinical sensitivity ranged from 87% (for influenza A and RSV) to 90% (for influenza B), the Positive Predictive Value was 100% while the Negative Predictive Value ranged from 96% (for influenza A and RSV) to 97% (for influenza B). In conclusion, influenza A, B and RSV RT-Q-LAMP assay represents a new tool for the rapid molecular detection and discrimination of influenza A, B or RSV. Its peculiar rapidity, simplicity and reliability makes it perfect for the fast molecular diagnosis of these infections, allowing clinicians to quickly obtain a results and subsequently treat the patient with the most appropriate antiviral medication and to implement infection control measures, especially when the respiratory illness outbreak involves closed settings.

L’influenza è una malattia respiratoria acuta con un considerevole impatto dal punto di vista epidemiologico, clinico ed economico. L'infezione da RSV causa sintomi simil-influenzali e può portare a gravi complicazioni nei bambini e negli adulti ad alto rischio quali anziani, con patologie croniche o immunocompromessi. Nonostante la diagnosi basata sui sintomi sia accurata, test diagnostici specifici possono essere fondamentali per confermare l'infezione virale. La maggior parte dei test si basano sulla tecnologia RT-PCR. Questa metodica richiede una precedente estrazione degli acidi nucleici virali a partire dal campione clinico ma l’estrazione è un processo lungo che può richiedere laboratori attrezzati. La tecnologia LAMP (Loop Mediated Isothermal AMPlification) è veloce e richiede l’uso di strumentazione semplice. LAMP, diversamente da PCR, utilizza una polimerasi con attività strand displacement e 6 primers, che riconoscono 8 regioni diverse. Nei laboratori DiaSorin è stata ulteriormente implementata dando origine a RT Q-LAMP: l’utilizzo di un enzima in grado sia di retro-trascrivere che di amplificare il target è stato accoppiato all’utilizzo di sonde fluorescenti (Q-probes), la cui riduzione del segnale indica il rilevamento del target. Fluorofori diversi inoltre permettono di discriminare in tempo reale più targets contemporaneamente. Con il presente progetto di tesi, è stato sviluppato un test RT Q-LAMP in grado di rilevare e discriminare i virus influenzali A, B e RSV. Sia la retro-trascrizione che l'amplificazione vengono eseguite in un unico passaggio senza che l’acido nucleico virale debba essere precedentemente estratto dal campione clinico. In questo modo si può ottenere un risultato in meno di 60 minuti utilizzando direttamente tamponi nasali o nasofaringei come campioni di partenza. RT Q-LAMP è eseguita grazie ad un termociclatore compatto, sviluppato da DiaSorin e chiamato Liaison MDX. Reagenti e campioni vengono caricati su un disco di consumo (Direct Amplification Disc _DAD), che permette l’amplificazione di campioni non estratti, grazie alla combinazione dell’effetto termico con la forza centrifuga. Il saggio finale RT Q-LAMP è in grado di rilevare e discriminare in modo sensibile e specifico i virus influenzali A, B e RSV. Nessuna amplificazione aspecifica è stata rilevata nei 60 minuti di reazione e il livello di sensibilità raggiunta (1x10^3 copie/mL di ciascun virus) si è dimostrato adeguato alle richieste cliniche. Inoltre, considerato l’elevato polimorfismo dei virus target, è stato verificato come il test sia in grado di rilevare 35 ceppi di influenza A, 25 ceppi influenza B e 11 sottotipi di RSV. Il saggio inoltre non ha mostrato cross-reattività con altri virus o batteri. La validazione finale delle performance è avvenuta su 120 campioni clinici (30 negativi e 90 di pazienti positivi a uno dei tre virus di interesse). I risultati ottenuti con il saggio RT Q-LAMP sono stati confrontati con quelli forniti dagli ospedali, ottenuti mediante metodiche classiche di RT-PCR: è stata osservata una specificità clinica del 100% per tutti i virus target, una sensibilità clinica dell’87% (nella rilevazione di influenza A o di RSV) e del 90% (nella rilevazione di influenza B). Inoltre, si sono osservati un valore predittivo negativo del 96% (relativamente alla rilevazione di influenza A o RSV), del 97% (nella rilevazione di influenza B) e un valore predittivo positivo del 100%. Concludendo, il saggio RT Q-LAMP per la rilevazione e discriminazione di influenza A, B e RSV rappresenta una valida alternativa alle metodiche diagnostiche classiche. È in grado di fornire una risposta estremamente rapida, sensibile e specifica in caso di quesito diagnostico, così che il paziente possa essere trattato velocemente e in modo appropriato e così che possano essere rapidamente implementate misure di controllo e prevenzione nel caso di identificazione di focolai di infezione.

(2021). Development of Innovative Q-LAMP Assay for Direct Detection and Amplification of Influenza A/B and RSV Genomes. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2021).

Development of Innovative Q-LAMP Assay for Direct Detection and Amplification of Influenza A/B and RSV Genomes

BRAMBATI, CHIARA
2021

Abstract

Despite decades of surveillance and interventions, influenza viruses still represent a public health concern. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) also infects the respiratory system and can cause an influenza-like illness in infants, toddlers and in high-risk adults. During epidemics, despite good accuracy of diagnosis based on clinical presentation, specific diagnostic tests are required to confirm virus-specific infection. PCR-based assays are commonly used, requiring prior extraction of viral genomes to be amplified. This process is time consuming, needing skilled staff and equipped laboratories. LAMP (Loop Mediated Isothermal AMPlification) can solve several of these problems, as it is faster, precise, sensitive and specific. This isothermal DNA amplification method relies on the use of a thermostable DNA polymerase with strand displacement activity and six primers specifically designed to recognize eight distinct regions on the target gene. In DiaSorin the technology was improved giving rise to RT Q-LAMP: the coupling of reverse-transcription and amplification activity in one enzyme and the use of fluorescent probes (Q-probes) allows the real time detection and discrimination of multiple RNA targets. Therefore, the aim of this study is to develop a RT Q-LAMP assay in a multiplex strategy, targeting conserved regions of influenza A, B and RSV viruses to differentially diagnose these infections. Both reverse-transcription and amplification are performed in a single-step from unprocessed clinical specimens, represented by nasal or nasopharyngeal swabs (NPS), without viral nucleic acid extraction, allowing clinicians to obtain results in less than 60 minutes. RT Q-LAMP is performed thanks to Liaison MDX, a small and easy-to use thermocycler, used with its disposable disc named “Direct Amplification Disc” (DAD) which allows the amplification of non-extracted samples, thanks to the combination of centrifugal force and heat treatment. The so-developed RT Q-LAMP quadruplex assay is able to quickly, sensitively and specifically amplify and discriminate influenza A, B and RSV samples. The thermal protocol has been optimized introducing a sample-processing step ensuring detection of not-extracted viruses. Limit of Detection (LoD) of our assay was defined to be 1x10^3 copies/mL for all tested viruses and no false positives results were detected on over 100 replicates of Non Template Controls (NTC). Importantly, it successfully amplified 35 influenza A, 25 influenza B and 11 RSV subtypes and strains assayed with no cross-reactivity with any other microorganisms. Finally, influenza A, B and RSV RT Q-LAMP assay was validated testing 90 clinical samples from human patients with signs and symptoms of respiratory tract infections and 30 negative clinical samples. RT Q-LAMP results were compared to those obtained with standard diagnostic RT-PCR methods routinely used in the hospital laboratory: clinical specificity was 100% for all the targets assayed and the clinical sensitivity ranged from 87% (for influenza A and RSV) to 90% (for influenza B), the Positive Predictive Value was 100% while the Negative Predictive Value ranged from 96% (for influenza A and RSV) to 97% (for influenza B). In conclusion, influenza A, B and RSV RT-Q-LAMP assay represents a new tool for the rapid molecular detection and discrimination of influenza A, B or RSV. Its peculiar rapidity, simplicity and reliability makes it perfect for the fast molecular diagnosis of these infections, allowing clinicians to quickly obtain a results and subsequently treat the patient with the most appropriate antiviral medication and to implement infection control measures, especially when the respiratory illness outbreak involves closed settings.
VANONI, MARCO ERCOLE
Influenza; RSV; Diagnosi; LAMP; Saggio molecolare
Influenza; RSV; Diagnosis; LAMP; Saggio molecolare
BIO/10 - BIOCHIMICA
English
4-feb-2021
TECNOLOGIE CONVERGENTI PER I SISTEMI BIOMOLECOLARI (TeCSBi)
33
2019/2020
open
(2021). Development of Innovative Q-LAMP Assay for Direct Detection and Amplification of Influenza A/B and RSV Genomes. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2021).
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/10281/301792
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