This work investigates prediction mechanisms and neural entrainment in children as the possible elements underlying both rhythmic and morphosyntactic processing. Both rhythmic meter and language are organized in hierarchical structures in which elements are ordered following specific rules (Fitch and Martins, 2014). Knowledge of these rules triggers compulsive expectancies regarding incoming material; these are assumed to be fundamental for efficient language and rhythmic processing and for reading (Guasti et al., 2017; Grüter, Rohde and Schafer, 2014; Miyake, Onishi and Pöppel, 2004; Persici et al., 2019). In this work we hypothesized that better hierarchical processing abilities in rhythm may transfer to the language domain, and that deficits in hierarchical processing may lead to language and/or reading disorders. To test whether abilities in making structure-based predictions correlate across domains, we investigated the abilities to infer the arrival of morphosyntactic and rhythmic material in groups of children with typical language development (TD) with or without musical training, and in participants with Developmental Dyslexia (DD). Results confirmed our hypotheses, as they showed better structure-based predictions in musician children than in non-musician TD children, and in TD children than in DD children. Results also suggested that efficiency of processing strategies improves with age. Secondly, we hypothesized that individual differences in strength of timing and content structure-based predictions may be the result of individual differences in the efficiency and precision with which brain oscillations entrain to auditory stimuli (‘neural entrainment’). To address these hypotheses, we tested the neural responses of TD children and of children with Developmental Language Disorder (DLD) in an experimental paradigm that was designed to elicit different metrical (hierarchical) interpretations. Results showed that all children were sensitive to hierarchical structures, and that individual differences in neural activity predicted individual differences in syntactic performance. Importantly, results also suggested that children with DLD might have atypical oscillatory activity in the gamma frequency band, which is important for hierarchical processing (Ding et al., 2017). In line with Fiveash et al. (submitted) and in Ladányi, Persici, et al. (submitted), we propose that neural oscillatory activity plays a key role in supporting the processing of both surface-level features and of syntactic structures in both musical rhythm and language, through an enhancement of structure-based prediction abilities; individual differences in neural entrainment will lead to individual differences in strength of predictions, which in turn will lead to individual differences in language and rhythm performance. The evidence presented in this work indicates that neural oscillatory activity gives an important insight into the language abilities of children and suggests that studying neural responses to rhythm in infancy may help predict the later development of language/reading disorders. Furthermore, our results suggest that musical training has positive effects on hierarchical processing, and that musical interventions centered on rhythm may enhance mechanisms of neural entrainment and timing, as well as hierarchical processing skills.
Il presente lavoro indaga i meccanismi di predizione e di sincronizzazione neurale nei bambini, sulla base dell’ipotesi che questi possano essere elementi rilevanti nei processi di elaborazione ritmica e morfosintattica. Sia il metro ritmico che il linguaggio sono organizzati in strutture gerarchiche in cui gli elementi sono ordinati secondo regole specifiche (Fitch & Martins, 2014). La conoscenza di queste regole porta alla formazione automatica di aspettative riguardo al materiale in arrivo; queste aspettative sono ritenute fondamentali per l'elaborazione efficiente del linguaggio e del ritmo, così anche come per la lettura (Guasti et al., 2017). In questa tesi abbiamo ipotizzato che migliori capacità di elaborazione gerarchica nel ritmo possano portare a migliori capacità di processamento di strutture gerarchiche nel linguaggio e che deficit in queste abilità possano portare allo sviluppo di disturbi del linguaggio e/o della lettura. Per valutare se le abilità nel fare previsioni strutturali correlino tra ritmo e il linguaggio, abbiamo studiato e confrontato le capacità di predire materiale linguistico (sulla base di informazioni morfosintattiche) e materiale ritmico in gruppi di bambini a sviluppo tipico (in inglese, TD) con o senza formazione musicale e in partecipanti con dislessia evolutiva (in inglese, DD). I risultati hanno confermato le nostre ipotesi, in quanto hanno mostrato predizioni strutturali migliori nei musicisti rispetto ai non-musicisti nel gruppo dei tipici e migliori predizioni strutturali nei TD rispetto ai bambini con dislessia. Inoltre, i risultati suggeriscono miglioramenti nell’efficienza delle strategie di processamento con l’aumentare dell’età. In secondo luogo, abbiamo ipotizzato che differenze individuali nella forza e nella efficienza con cui si fanno predizioni temporali e di contenuto possano dipendere da differenze individuali nell’efficienza e nella precisione dei meccanismi neurali di sincronizzazione delle oscillazioni cerebrali rispetto agli stimoli uditivi. Per testare queste ipotesi, abbiamo analizzato le risposte neurali di bambini TD e di bambini affetti da disturbo evolutivo del linguaggio (in inglese, DLD) in un paradigma sperimentale progettato per suscitare diverse interpretazioni metriche (e quindi gerarchiche). I risultati hanno mostrato che tutti i bambini erano sensibili alle caratteristiche metriche degli stimoli e che le differenze individuali nell’attività neurale predicevano le prestazioni in compiti sintattici. Inoltre, i risultati hanno suggerito che i bambini con DLD potrebbero avere attività oscillatoria atipica nella banda di frequenza gamma (che, secondo gli studi in letteratura (p.es., Ding et al., 2017), è importante per l’elaborazione gerarchica). In accordo con Ladányi, Persici, et al. (in revisione), sosteniamo che l’attività oscillatoria a livello neurale possa svolgere un ruolo chiave nel supportare il processamento degli elementi di base e delle strutture gerarchiche, sia nel ritmo che nel linguaggio, e che questo supporto passi attraverso il miglioramento delle predizioni strutturali. Sosteniamo, quindi, che migliori capacità di sincronizzazione neurale si traducano in migliori capacità di predizione strutturale e che queste, a loro volta, possano influenzare positivamente l’elaborazione ritmica e linguistica. Le evidenze presentate in questo lavoro rimarcano l’importanza dello studio dell’attività oscillatoria cerebrale nei bambini piccoli e suggeriscono la possibilità di utilizzare questi paradigmi nell’infanzia per poter predire il futuro sviluppo di disturbi del linguaggio e/o della lettura. Inoltre, gli studi qui riportati sottolineano come la formazione musicale sia importante per il miglioramento dei processi di elaborazione linguistica e suggeriscono che l’uso di attività ritmiche, in particolare, possa giocare un ruolo fondamentale nel trattamento dei disturbi del linguaggio e della lettura.
(2020). Neural entrainment, hierarchical processing, and morphosyntactic and rhythmic predictions in typical development, in Developmental Dyslexia, and in Developmental Language Disorder. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2020).
Neural entrainment, hierarchical processing, and morphosyntactic and rhythmic predictions in typical development, in Developmental Dyslexia, and in Developmental Language Disorder
PERSICI, VALENTINA
2020
Abstract
This work investigates prediction mechanisms and neural entrainment in children as the possible elements underlying both rhythmic and morphosyntactic processing. Both rhythmic meter and language are organized in hierarchical structures in which elements are ordered following specific rules (Fitch and Martins, 2014). Knowledge of these rules triggers compulsive expectancies regarding incoming material; these are assumed to be fundamental for efficient language and rhythmic processing and for reading (Guasti et al., 2017; Grüter, Rohde and Schafer, 2014; Miyake, Onishi and Pöppel, 2004; Persici et al., 2019). In this work we hypothesized that better hierarchical processing abilities in rhythm may transfer to the language domain, and that deficits in hierarchical processing may lead to language and/or reading disorders. To test whether abilities in making structure-based predictions correlate across domains, we investigated the abilities to infer the arrival of morphosyntactic and rhythmic material in groups of children with typical language development (TD) with or without musical training, and in participants with Developmental Dyslexia (DD). Results confirmed our hypotheses, as they showed better structure-based predictions in musician children than in non-musician TD children, and in TD children than in DD children. Results also suggested that efficiency of processing strategies improves with age. Secondly, we hypothesized that individual differences in strength of timing and content structure-based predictions may be the result of individual differences in the efficiency and precision with which brain oscillations entrain to auditory stimuli (‘neural entrainment’). To address these hypotheses, we tested the neural responses of TD children and of children with Developmental Language Disorder (DLD) in an experimental paradigm that was designed to elicit different metrical (hierarchical) interpretations. Results showed that all children were sensitive to hierarchical structures, and that individual differences in neural activity predicted individual differences in syntactic performance. Importantly, results also suggested that children with DLD might have atypical oscillatory activity in the gamma frequency band, which is important for hierarchical processing (Ding et al., 2017). In line with Fiveash et al. (submitted) and in Ladányi, Persici, et al. (submitted), we propose that neural oscillatory activity plays a key role in supporting the processing of both surface-level features and of syntactic structures in both musical rhythm and language, through an enhancement of structure-based prediction abilities; individual differences in neural entrainment will lead to individual differences in strength of predictions, which in turn will lead to individual differences in language and rhythm performance. The evidence presented in this work indicates that neural oscillatory activity gives an important insight into the language abilities of children and suggests that studying neural responses to rhythm in infancy may help predict the later development of language/reading disorders. Furthermore, our results suggest that musical training has positive effects on hierarchical processing, and that musical interventions centered on rhythm may enhance mechanisms of neural entrainment and timing, as well as hierarchical processing skills.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
---|---|---|---|
phd_unimib_823216.pdf
Accesso Aperto
Descrizione: Tesi di Persici Valentina - 823216
Tipologia di allegato:
Doctoral thesis
Dimensione
14.63 MB
Formato
Adobe PDF
|
14.63 MB | Adobe PDF | Visualizza/Apri |
I documenti in IRIS sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.