Positron emission tomography (PET) is a technique based on the detection of two back to back 511 keV gamma rays originated by a positron-electron annihilation. The aim of this project is to develop an innovative PET detector module with high performances, in term of spatial, energy and timing resolution while maintaining the overall complexity reasonably low. The proposed module is based on a pixellated LYSO matrix and MPPC detector. Compared to double side readout configuration in which the scintillators are read on both sides by detectors, one detector is replaced by an optical light guide and a reflector. The light collected by the second detector in the double side readout approach is instead recirculated and collected by the nearby detectors thanks to the light guide on top of the module. Enabling this light sharing mechanism allows rea- ching the same performances of a double side readout configuration decreasing the number of detector channels needed. Furthermore, it is possible to adopt a more than one to one coupling between scintillators and detector in order to further decrease the number of channels needed and to improve the spatial re- solution of the system. Studying the shared light distribution allows identifying the crystal in which the gamma ray interaction took place. Several matrices are tested with different coupling between scintillators and detectors (one to one, four to one and nine to one) and the results show good crystals identification capabilities and an energy resolution in the order of 12% FWHM (one to one and four to one configurations) and 16% FWHM (nine o one configuration). For small animal and organ dedicated PET devices, there is a spatial resolution degradation close to the edges of the field of view (FOV) due to parallax error. This effect is mitigated by knowing the interaction position along the crystal main axis and this information is known as depth of interaction (DOI). The DOI capabilities of the proposed module are tested and a value of 3 mm FWHM DOI resolution is reached for the one to one and four to one coupling configuration. For the nine to one configuration a DOI resolution of 4 mm FWHM is obtained. In order to reach the DOI information, an attenuation behavior over the crystal length is introduced but, as drawback, it decreases the timing performances of the proposed module. A method to reduce this effect is presented by including the DOI information in the evaluation of the timing resolution. The module shows a coincidence time resolution of 353 ps FWHM. The second part of this project is focused on the development of an image reconstruction software able to include both the DOI and timing information. The reconstruction algorithm is described and presented and a simulation study is performed in order to confirm the benefits of the DOI and timing in the image quality. Furthermore, a complete time of flight (TOF) study is performed evaluating the improvement of the signal to noise (SNR) ratio and spatial resolution as a function of the timing performances.

Lo scopo di questo progetto ́e lo sviluppo di un rivelatore PET innovativo in grado di raggiungere alte prestazioni per quanto riguarda risoluzione spaziale, energetica e temporale mantenendo la complessit ́a del sistema ragionevolmente bassa. Il modulo PET proposto si basa su una matrice di cristalli scintillanti e un rivelatore (MPPC). Se paragonato ad una configurazione a doppia lettura in cui la luce di scintillazione ́e raccolta da entrambe le estremit ́a del modulo, nella configurazione proposta, un rivelatore ́e sostituito da una guida di luce e un ma- teriale riflettente. La luce raccolta dal secondo rivelatore nella configurazione a doppia lettura ́e invece ricircolata e collezionata dai rivelatori vicini grazie alla guida di luce posizionata sul modulo. Sfruttando questo meccanismo di condivisione della luce, ́e possibile raggiungere le stesse prestazioni di una con- figurazione a doppia lettura diminuendo il numero di canali richiesti. E ́ inoltre possibile adottare un accoppiamento tra cristalli e rivelatori maggiore di uno ri- ducendo ulteriormente i canali di lettura. Studiando infatti la distribuzione della luce condivisa ́e possibile identificare il cristallo in cui ́e avvenuta l’interazione del raggio gamma. Numerose matrici sono state testate con differenti configu- razioni di accoppiamento tra cristalli e rivelatore (uno a uno, quattro a uno e nove a uno) e i risultati hanno confermato un ottima capacit ́a di identificazione del cristallo colpito e una risoluzione energetica di 12 % FWHM (configura- zione uno a uno e quattro a uno) e 16% FWHM (configurazione nove a uno). Per quanto riguarda macchine PET con piccolo campo di vista, ́e presente un peggioramento della risoluzione spaziale vicino agli estremi del campo di vista stesso dovuto all’errore di parallasse. Questo ́e mitigato dalla conoscenza della profondit ́a di interazione del raggio gamma (informazione DOI). La possibilit ́a di ottenere questa informazione nel modulo proposto ́e stata testata e una riso- luzione DOI di 3mm FWHM misurata per le configurazioni uno a uno e quattro a uno, mentre per la configurazione nove a uno la risoluzione DOI ́e risultata essere 4 mm FWHM. Al fine di ottenere l’informazione sulla profondit ́a di in- terazione ́e stato necessario introdurre un effetto di attenuazione di luce lungo l’asse del cristallo con l’effetto per ́o di peggiorare le prestazioni temporali del modulo. Un metodo per includere il DOI nella misura della risoluzione tem- porale ́e stato quindi sviluppato. Il modulo proposto presenta una risoluzione temporale di 353 ps FWHM. La seconda parte del progetto ́e lo sviluppo di un algoritmo di ricostruzione di immagini metaboliche capace di includere sia l’informazione temporale che il DOI. L’algoritmo ́e presentato e uno studio di simulazioni condotto al fine di confermare i vantaggi sia dell’informazione DOI che della risoluzione temporale nella qualit ́a delle immagini ricostruite. Per fini- re, uno studio completo sulla PET con informazioni del tempo di volo (TOF) ́e stato effettuato valutando il miglioramento del rapporto segnale-rumore e della risoluzione spaziale in funzione delle prestazioni temporali del sistema.

(2019). Development of an innovative PET module. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2019).

Development of an innovative PET module

STRINGHINI, GIANLUCA
2019

Abstract

Positron emission tomography (PET) is a technique based on the detection of two back to back 511 keV gamma rays originated by a positron-electron annihilation. The aim of this project is to develop an innovative PET detector module with high performances, in term of spatial, energy and timing resolution while maintaining the overall complexity reasonably low. The proposed module is based on a pixellated LYSO matrix and MPPC detector. Compared to double side readout configuration in which the scintillators are read on both sides by detectors, one detector is replaced by an optical light guide and a reflector. The light collected by the second detector in the double side readout approach is instead recirculated and collected by the nearby detectors thanks to the light guide on top of the module. Enabling this light sharing mechanism allows rea- ching the same performances of a double side readout configuration decreasing the number of detector channels needed. Furthermore, it is possible to adopt a more than one to one coupling between scintillators and detector in order to further decrease the number of channels needed and to improve the spatial re- solution of the system. Studying the shared light distribution allows identifying the crystal in which the gamma ray interaction took place. Several matrices are tested with different coupling between scintillators and detectors (one to one, four to one and nine to one) and the results show good crystals identification capabilities and an energy resolution in the order of 12% FWHM (one to one and four to one configurations) and 16% FWHM (nine o one configuration). For small animal and organ dedicated PET devices, there is a spatial resolution degradation close to the edges of the field of view (FOV) due to parallax error. This effect is mitigated by knowing the interaction position along the crystal main axis and this information is known as depth of interaction (DOI). The DOI capabilities of the proposed module are tested and a value of 3 mm FWHM DOI resolution is reached for the one to one and four to one coupling configuration. For the nine to one configuration a DOI resolution of 4 mm FWHM is obtained. In order to reach the DOI information, an attenuation behavior over the crystal length is introduced but, as drawback, it decreases the timing performances of the proposed module. A method to reduce this effect is presented by including the DOI information in the evaluation of the timing resolution. The module shows a coincidence time resolution of 353 ps FWHM. The second part of this project is focused on the development of an image reconstruction software able to include both the DOI and timing information. The reconstruction algorithm is described and presented and a simulation study is performed in order to confirm the benefits of the DOI and timing in the image quality. Furthermore, a complete time of flight (TOF) study is performed evaluating the improvement of the signal to noise (SNR) ratio and spatial resolution as a function of the timing performances.
PAGANONI, MARCO
AUFFRAY, ETIENNETTE
PET; Rivelatori gamma; DOI; Risoluz. temporale; Ricostruzione PET
PET; Gamma detectors; DOI; Timing resolution; Ricostruzione PET
FIS/01 - FISICA SPERIMENTALE
English
20-feb-2019
FISICA E ASTRONOMIA - 86R
31
2017/2018
open
(2019). Development of an innovative PET module. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2019).
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/10281/241249
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