The retinal circulation is easily accessible by funduscopy and more advanced optical devices, and therefore offers a unique opportunity to visualise the microvasculature in humans in vivo. This chapter focuses on hypertensive retinopathy and related retinal arteriolar as well as capillary changes due to hypertension. Vascular remodelling can be distinguished in eutrophic and hypertrophic remodelling. Beyond the inability to separately quantify arteriolar and venular alterations, funduscopic photographs are also not able to visualise the inner and outer wall of retinal vessels. In patients with arterial hypertension and short-time diabetes mellitus, eutrophic retinal arteriolar remodelling has been demonstrated using scanning laser Doppler flowmetry (SLDF). The analysis of retinal arterioles has lately been extended to assess parameters of retinal capillary rarefaction by the SLDF technique and based on Retinal capillary flow measurements. Adaptive optics imaging has been shown to be a reliable method to noninvasively assess retinal microvascular changes.
Agabiti Rosei, E., Muiesan, M., Cuspidi, C. (2019). Cardiac Damage from Left Ventricular Hypertrophy to Heart Failure. In G. Mancia, G. Grassi, K. Tsioufis, A. Dominiczak, E. Agabiti Rosei (a cura di), Manual of Hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension, Third Edition (pp. 225-240). Taylor and Francis Group [10.1201/9780429199189-34].
Cardiac Damage from Left Ventricular Hypertrophy to Heart Failure
Cuspidi, C
2019
Abstract
The retinal circulation is easily accessible by funduscopy and more advanced optical devices, and therefore offers a unique opportunity to visualise the microvasculature in humans in vivo. This chapter focuses on hypertensive retinopathy and related retinal arteriolar as well as capillary changes due to hypertension. Vascular remodelling can be distinguished in eutrophic and hypertrophic remodelling. Beyond the inability to separately quantify arteriolar and venular alterations, funduscopic photographs are also not able to visualise the inner and outer wall of retinal vessels. In patients with arterial hypertension and short-time diabetes mellitus, eutrophic retinal arteriolar remodelling has been demonstrated using scanning laser Doppler flowmetry (SLDF). The analysis of retinal arterioles has lately been extended to assess parameters of retinal capillary rarefaction by the SLDF technique and based on Retinal capillary flow measurements. Adaptive optics imaging has been shown to be a reliable method to noninvasively assess retinal microvascular changes.
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