Geographic variation in inpatient costs for Acute Myocardial Infarction care: Insights from Italy

Geographic variations in healthcare expenditures have been widely reported within and between countries. Nevertheless, empirical evidence on the role of organizational factors and care systems in explaining these variations is still needed. This paper aims at assessing the regional differences in hospital spending for patients hospitalized for Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI) in Tuscany and Lombardy regions (Italy), which rank high in terms of care quality and that have been, at least until 2016, characterized by quite different governance systems. Generalized linear models are performed to estimate index, 30-day and one-year hospitalization spending adjusted for baseline covariates. A two-part model is used to estimate 31–365 day expenditure. Adjusted hospital spending for AMI patients were significantly higher in Lombardy compared with Tuscany. In Lombardy, patients experienced higher re-hospitalizations in the 31–365 days and longer length of stays than in Tuscany. On the other hand, no significant regional differences in adjusted mortality rates at both acute and longer phases were found. Comparing two regional healthcare systems which mainly differ in both the reimbursement systems and the level of integration between hospital and community services provides insights into factors potentially contributing to regional variations in spending and, therefore, in areas for efficiency improvement.