Acid-Base Interactions and Secondary Structures of Poly-L-Lysine Probed by (15)N and (13)C Solid State NMR and Ab initio Model Calculations

The interactions of the (15)N-labeled amino groups of dry solid poly-L-lysine (PLL) with various halogen and oxygen acids HX and the relation to the secondary structure have been studied using solid-state (15)N and (13)C CPMAS NMR spectroscopy (CP = cross polarization and MAS = magic angle spinning). For comparison, (15)N NMR spectra of an aqueous solution of PLL were measured as a function of pH. In order to understand the effects of protonation and hydration on the (15)N chemical shifts of the amino groups, DFT and chemical shielding calculations were performed on isolated methyl amine-acid complexes and on periodic halide clusters of the type (CH(3)NH(3)(+)X(-))(n). The combined experimental and computational results reveal low-field shifts of the amino nitrogens upon interaction with the oxygen acids HX = HF, H(2)SO(4), CH(3)COOH, (CH(3))(2)POOH, H(3)PO(4), HNO(3), and internal carbamic acid formed by reaction of the amino groups with gaseous CO(2). Evidence is obtained that only hydrogen-bonded species of the type (Lys-NH(2) center dot center dot center dot H-X)(n) are formed in the absence of water. (15)N chemical shifts are maximum when H is located in the hydrogen bond center and then decrease again upon full protonation, as found for aqueous solution at low pH. By contrast, halogen acids interact in a different way. They form internal salts of the type (Lys-NH(3)(+)X(-))(n) via the interaction of many acid-base pairs. This salt formation is possible only in the beta-sheet conformation. By contrast, the formation of hydrogen-bonded complexes can occur both in beta-sheet domains as well as in alpha-helical domains. The (15)N chemical shifts of the protonated ammonium groups increase when the size of the interacting halogen anions is increased from chloride to iodide and when the number of the interacting anions is increased. Thus, the observed high-field 15N shift of ammonium groups upon hydration is the consequence of replacing interacting halogen atoms by oxygen atoms