The present dissertation comprises three studies exploring the impact of the incongruence between sensory and motor information (i.e. sensorimotor conflict) provided by the Mirror Visual Feedback (MVF), a manipulation during which subjects are required to perform movements while observing their reflection through a mirror placed perpendicular to their body midline. Together, results converge in showing the importance of sensorimotor conflicts for influencing the impact of the MVF at the level of illusory experiences, cortical excitability and post-stroke motor recovery. The first study offers an overview of the illusory sensation (the so-called Mirror Illusion) brought about by the MVF in stroke patients with motor deficit (upper-limb hemiparesis). Results evidence that stroke patients show a reliable Mirror Illusion, similar to that experienced by neurologically healthy participants, demonstrating the pervasiveness of the MVF effects. However, different factors impact the susceptibility of stroke patients to the Mirror Illusion. First, residual motor functions are necessary to generate the illusion, while unreliable tactile sensation may even increase it. Second, cortical damages to low- and high-level motor areas are associated to a larger illusory effect, while parietal lesions differentially affect the Mirror Illusion, likely disrupting or facilitating multisensory, body- and self-related, processing. The second study, in healthy participants, aims at experimentally exaggerating the degree of visuo-motor incongruence to assess its modulatory effect on motor cortex excitability, measured through Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation. Results show that the primary motor cortex (M1) ipsilateral to the moving hand is differentially influenced by the speed of the observed movement: the greater the mismatch with the performed movements, the higher the increase of M1 excitability. Specifically, the utmost modulatory effect is registered during the observation of a slower pace. This result indicates that the magnitude of the mismatch between performed (motor output) and observed (visual input) movement can be used to adjust the activity of the observer’s motor system. Based on such evidence, the third study develops a novel strategy to rehabilitate post-stroke hemiparesis, which takes advantage of a reversed MVF: at variance with standard Mirror Box Therapy, that requires to watch the mirror reflection of the intact limb’s movements, patients are asked to observe the reflection of the paretic limb (here called Reversed Mirror Therapy - REMIT). Results show that the REMIT has comparable effects of the standard version, as both lead to motor improvements in stroke patients in a chronic stage of illness. This evidence supports the hypothesis that the critical factor at the basis of the clinical efficacy of the MVF is represented by the sensorimotor conflict, rather by the mere motor observation or imagery, or the removal of a learned component of hemiparesis. In conclusion, this set of experiments documents the key role of a two-fold conflict inherent in MVF conditions: the sensorimotor mismatch and incongruent multisensory inputs interact to generate illusory experiences boosting behavioral, neural and clinical effects.

La presente tesi si compone di tre studi che esplorano l'impatto dell’incongruenza tra informazioni sensoriali e motorie (i.e., conflitto sensorimotorio) fornite dal Mirror Visual Feedback (MVF), quando cioè vengono eseguiti movimenti osservando il riflesso di uno specchio posto perpendicolarmente alla linea mediana del corpo. Globalmente, i risultati convergono nel mostrare l'importanza del conflitto sensorimotorio nell’influenzare l'impatto del MVF a livello di esperienze illusorie, eccitabilità corticale e recupero motorio post-ictale. Il primo studio offre una panoramica delle sensazioni illusorie (la cosiddetta illusione dello specchio) esperita da pazienti cerebrolesi con deficit motori. I risultati evidenziano che i pazienti con ictus mostrano un’illusione dello specchio affidabile, paragonabile a quella esperita dai partecipanti neurologicamente indenni, dimostrando la pervasività degli effetti del MVF. Tuttavia, diversi fattori influenzano la suscettibilità dei pazienti con ictus a tale illusione. In primo luogo, una residua funzionalità motoria è necessaria per generare l'illusione, mentre una percezione tattile inaffidabile può addirittura facilitarla. In secondo luogo, danni cerebrali a carico di aree motorie di alto e basso livello aumentano l’illusione, mentre lesioni parietali la influenzano in modo differenziale, inibendo o facilitando l'elaborazione di informazioni multisensoriali legate al sé e al corpo. Il secondo studio, in soggetti sani, ha sperimentalmente esacerbato il grado di incongruenza visuo-motoria per valutarne l'effetto modulatorio sull’eccitabilità corticale, attraverso la Stimolazione Magnetica Transcranica. I risultati mostrano che la corteccia motoria primaria (M1) ipsilaterale alla mano in movimento è differenzialmente influenzata dalla velocità del movimento osservato: a maggiore discrepanza con i movimenti eseguiti, corrisponde maggiore modulazione. In particolare, il maggior effetto modulatorio viene registrato durante l'osservazione di un movimento più lento. Questo risultato indica che l'entità della discrepanza tra movimento eseguito (output motorio) e movimento osservato (input visivo) può essere utilizzata per regolare l'attività del sistema motorio dell'osservatore. Sulla base di tali elementi, il terzo studio sviluppa una nuova strategia per la riabilitazione emiparesi post-ictus che sfrutta un MVF invertito: in contrasto con la Mirror Box Therapy tradizionale, che richiede di guardare nello specchio i movimenti dell’arto intatto, i pazienti sono invitati ad osservare il riflesso dell'arto paretico (i.e., Reversed Mirror Box Therapy - REMIT). I risultati mostrano che la REMIT ha effetti comparabili alla versione standard, in quanto entrambi portano a miglioramenti motori in pazienti con ictus, in fase cronica della malattia. Queste evidenze supportano l'ipotesi che il fattore critico alla base dell’efficacia clinica del MVF è rappresentato dal conflitto sensorimotorio, piuttosto che dalla semplice osservazione o immaginazione motoria, o dalla rimozione della componente appresa della paralisi. In conclusione, questa serie di esperimenti documenta il ruolo chiave del duplice conflitto insito in condizioni MVF: la mancata corrispondenza sensorimotoria e le informazioni sensoriali contrastanti interagiscono per generare le esperienze illusorie, e amplificano gli effetti comportamentali, neurali e clinici.

(2017). Viewing own movements through the mirror: the effects of sensorimotor conflict on the motor system. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2017).

Viewing own movements through the mirror: the effects of sensorimotor conflict on the motor system

RUSSO, CRISTINA
2017

Abstract

The present dissertation comprises three studies exploring the impact of the incongruence between sensory and motor information (i.e. sensorimotor conflict) provided by the Mirror Visual Feedback (MVF), a manipulation during which subjects are required to perform movements while observing their reflection through a mirror placed perpendicular to their body midline. Together, results converge in showing the importance of sensorimotor conflicts for influencing the impact of the MVF at the level of illusory experiences, cortical excitability and post-stroke motor recovery. The first study offers an overview of the illusory sensation (the so-called Mirror Illusion) brought about by the MVF in stroke patients with motor deficit (upper-limb hemiparesis). Results evidence that stroke patients show a reliable Mirror Illusion, similar to that experienced by neurologically healthy participants, demonstrating the pervasiveness of the MVF effects. However, different factors impact the susceptibility of stroke patients to the Mirror Illusion. First, residual motor functions are necessary to generate the illusion, while unreliable tactile sensation may even increase it. Second, cortical damages to low- and high-level motor areas are associated to a larger illusory effect, while parietal lesions differentially affect the Mirror Illusion, likely disrupting or facilitating multisensory, body- and self-related, processing. The second study, in healthy participants, aims at experimentally exaggerating the degree of visuo-motor incongruence to assess its modulatory effect on motor cortex excitability, measured through Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation. Results show that the primary motor cortex (M1) ipsilateral to the moving hand is differentially influenced by the speed of the observed movement: the greater the mismatch with the performed movements, the higher the increase of M1 excitability. Specifically, the utmost modulatory effect is registered during the observation of a slower pace. This result indicates that the magnitude of the mismatch between performed (motor output) and observed (visual input) movement can be used to adjust the activity of the observer’s motor system. Based on such evidence, the third study develops a novel strategy to rehabilitate post-stroke hemiparesis, which takes advantage of a reversed MVF: at variance with standard Mirror Box Therapy, that requires to watch the mirror reflection of the intact limb’s movements, patients are asked to observe the reflection of the paretic limb (here called Reversed Mirror Therapy - REMIT). Results show that the REMIT has comparable effects of the standard version, as both lead to motor improvements in stroke patients in a chronic stage of illness. This evidence supports the hypothesis that the critical factor at the basis of the clinical efficacy of the MVF is represented by the sensorimotor conflict, rather by the mere motor observation or imagery, or the removal of a learned component of hemiparesis. In conclusion, this set of experiments documents the key role of a two-fold conflict inherent in MVF conditions: the sensorimotor mismatch and incongruent multisensory inputs interact to generate illusory experiences boosting behavioral, neural and clinical effects.
BOLOGNINI, NADIA
Mirror-Box,; sensorimotor; conflict,; stroke,; motor
Mirror-Box,; sensorimotor; conflict,; stroke,; motor
M-PSI/01 - PSICOLOGIA GENERALE
English
10-apr-2017
PSICOLOGIA, LINGUISTICA E NEUROSCIENZE COGNITIVE - 77R
29
2015/2016
open
(2017). Viewing own movements through the mirror: the effects of sensorimotor conflict on the motor system. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2017).
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/10281/158173
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