According to the Italian 1865 civil code, the father (or the mother) were liable for the torts of minor children living with them, unless they proved that they could not prevent the wrongful act. Like in France, in this system, liability was based on a presumption of fault, which could be rebutted by evidence to the contrary. This paper analyses the way in which exculpatory proof was interpreted by the Italian courts during the time the 1865 civil code was in force. Starting in the period following the Unification of Italy, the tradition laid the foundations of longstanding arguments thanks to some interpretative choices whose repercussions lasted well beyond the first Italian civil code. However, to this day there is still no historical analysis of the decisions taken by the courts. The most typical situations of parental civil liability are examined, together with the lines of defence allowed by the judges. Following a widespread line of orientation in case law, the courts considered the parents liable for negligence both in supervising and in educating the child. From the analysis of the cases it emerges that the courts judged the parents according to a series of parameters, such as the nature of the tort, the child’s character and temperament, the existence of specific reasons for suspicion, and age. The cases show that the post-Unification experience in Italy was more varied and better developed than is commonly thought. Tendencies denoting extreme strictness in claiming the parents were negligent, for instance, when children committed intentional crimes and were generally ill-natured, or when they rode bicycles or motor vehicles, co-existed with more liberal perspectives, which allowed for the parents’ exemption from liabilities by concretely assessing negligence in a more flexible and balanced way, especially when the children were close to the age of majority.

Secondo il codice civile italiano del 1865, il padre (o la madre) erano responsabili per il fatto illecito dei figli minori conviventi, a meno che non dimostrassero di non averlo potuto impedire. Come in Francia, in questo sistema la responsabilità si basava su una presunzione di colpa, che poteva essere confutata da prove contrarie. L’articolo analizza il modo in cui tale prova è stata interpretata dai tribunali italiani durante il periodo di applicazione del codice civile del 1865. A partire dal periodo successivo all'Unità d’Italia, la tradizione gettò le basi di argomentazioni di lunga data grazie ad alcune scelte interpretative le cui ripercussioni si protrassero ben oltre il primo codice civile italiano. Tuttavia, fino ad oggi non esiste ancora un’analisi storico-giuridica delle decisioni adottate dai tribunali. Di conseguenza, il contributo dei tribunali è stato completamente messo in ombra. Vengono esaminate le situazioni più tipiche di responsabilità civile genitoriale, unitamente alle linee di difesa consentite dai giudici. Seguendo una linea diffusa di orientamento giurisprudenziale, i tribunali hanno ritenuto i genitori responsabili di negligenza sia nella supervisione sia nell’educazione del minore. Dall’analisi dei casi emerge che i tribunali hanno giudicato i genitori secondo una serie di parametri, quali la natura del reato, il carattere e il temperamento del bambino, l’esistenza di motivi specifici di sospetto e l’età. I casi dimostrano che l’esperienza post-unitaria in Italia è stata più varia e sviluppata di quanto si creda. Tendenze che denotano un estremo rigore nell'affermare che i genitori erano negligenti, ad esempio, quando i bambini commettevano crimini dolosi ed erano generalmente di cattivo carattere, o quando guidavano biciclette o veicoli a motore, coesistevano con prospettive più liberali, che permisero l’esenzione dei genitori dalle responsabilità valutando concretamente la negligenza in modo più flessibile ed equilibrato, soprattutto quando i figli erano vicini alla maggiore età.

Chiodi, G. (2016). Torts of Minor Children and Parental Civil Liability: Cases in Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Century Italy. In M.G. di Renzo Villata (a cura di), Family Law and Society in Europe from the Middle Ages to the Contemporary Era (pp. 331-371). Springer [10.1007/978-3-319-42289-3_14].

Torts of Minor Children and Parental Civil Liability: Cases in Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Century Italy

Chiodi, G
2016

Abstract

According to the Italian 1865 civil code, the father (or the mother) were liable for the torts of minor children living with them, unless they proved that they could not prevent the wrongful act. Like in France, in this system, liability was based on a presumption of fault, which could be rebutted by evidence to the contrary. This paper analyses the way in which exculpatory proof was interpreted by the Italian courts during the time the 1865 civil code was in force. Starting in the period following the Unification of Italy, the tradition laid the foundations of longstanding arguments thanks to some interpretative choices whose repercussions lasted well beyond the first Italian civil code. However, to this day there is still no historical analysis of the decisions taken by the courts. The most typical situations of parental civil liability are examined, together with the lines of defence allowed by the judges. Following a widespread line of orientation in case law, the courts considered the parents liable for negligence both in supervising and in educating the child. From the analysis of the cases it emerges that the courts judged the parents according to a series of parameters, such as the nature of the tort, the child’s character and temperament, the existence of specific reasons for suspicion, and age. The cases show that the post-Unification experience in Italy was more varied and better developed than is commonly thought. Tendencies denoting extreme strictness in claiming the parents were negligent, for instance, when children committed intentional crimes and were generally ill-natured, or when they rode bicycles or motor vehicles, co-existed with more liberal perspectives, which allowed for the parents’ exemption from liabilities by concretely assessing negligence in a more flexible and balanced way, especially when the children were close to the age of majority.
Capitolo o saggio
Civil Code; Civil Liability; Dangerous Object; Minor Child; Proper Education;
responsabilità civile; responsabilità dei genitori; codice civile; diritto delle obbligazioni; illecito civile
English
Family Law and Society in Europe from the Middle Ages to the Contemporary Era
di Renzo Villata, MG
2016
2016
9783319422879
5
Springer
331
371
Chiodi, G. (2016). Torts of Minor Children and Parental Civil Liability: Cases in Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Century Italy. In M.G. di Renzo Villata (a cura di), Family Law and Society in Europe from the Middle Ages to the Contemporary Era (pp. 331-371). Springer [10.1007/978-3-319-42289-3_14].
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/10281/131182
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