Background Early postoperative negative behaviour in preschool children after general anaesthesia is a common problem. The distinction between emergence delirium (ED) and pain is difficult, but management differs between the two. The aim of the current analysis was to identify individual observational variables that can be used to diagnose ED and allow distinction from postoperative pain. Methods This retrospective analysis of data from three previous prospective observational studies included children undergoing general anaesthesia for elective adeno-tonsillectomy, sub-umbilical surgery, and MRI scanning. Two trained observers simultaneously applied the Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability Scale; the Children's Hospital Eastern Ontario Pain Scale; the Children's and Infants' Postoperative Pain Scale or the Paediatric Anaesthesia Emergence Delirium (PAED) scale. Data from each domain of the scales were available at awakening and at five, 10, and 15 min after anaesthesia. Each patient was analysed over time, and subsequently, each evaluation was considered as a single event. The descriptive behaviour items overlapping in the assessed scales were identified as dichotomous variable ('true/false') and then were applied for each evaluation. Results Children (n=512) were assessed for a total of 2048 evaluations. Most children (69%) displayed at least one episode of ED and/or pain. Almost 15% of children demonstrated both ED and pain. Children with ED showed 'no eye contact' and 'no awareness of surroundings'. Children with pain displayed 'abnormal facial expression', 'crying', and 'inconsolability'. Conclusions 'No eye contact' and 'no awareness of surroundings' identifies ED. 'Abnormal facial expression', 'crying', and 'inconsolability' indicate acute pain in children in the early postoperative period.

Somaini, M., Engelhardt, T., Fumagalli, R., Ingelmo, P. (2016). Emergence delirium or pain after anaesthesia - How to distinguish between the two in young children: A retrospective analysis of observational studies. BRITISH JOURNAL OF ANAESTHESIA, 116(3), 377-383 [10.1093/bja/aev552].

Emergence delirium or pain after anaesthesia - How to distinguish between the two in young children: A retrospective analysis of observational studies

SOMAINI, MARTA
;
FUMAGALLI, ROBERTO
Penultimo
;
INGELMO, PABLO MAURICIO
Ultimo
2016

Abstract

Background Early postoperative negative behaviour in preschool children after general anaesthesia is a common problem. The distinction between emergence delirium (ED) and pain is difficult, but management differs between the two. The aim of the current analysis was to identify individual observational variables that can be used to diagnose ED and allow distinction from postoperative pain. Methods This retrospective analysis of data from three previous prospective observational studies included children undergoing general anaesthesia for elective adeno-tonsillectomy, sub-umbilical surgery, and MRI scanning. Two trained observers simultaneously applied the Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability Scale; the Children's Hospital Eastern Ontario Pain Scale; the Children's and Infants' Postoperative Pain Scale or the Paediatric Anaesthesia Emergence Delirium (PAED) scale. Data from each domain of the scales were available at awakening and at five, 10, and 15 min after anaesthesia. Each patient was analysed over time, and subsequently, each evaluation was considered as a single event. The descriptive behaviour items overlapping in the assessed scales were identified as dichotomous variable ('true/false') and then were applied for each evaluation. Results Children (n=512) were assessed for a total of 2048 evaluations. Most children (69%) displayed at least one episode of ED and/or pain. Almost 15% of children demonstrated both ED and pain. Children with ED showed 'no eye contact' and 'no awareness of surroundings'. Children with pain displayed 'abnormal facial expression', 'crying', and 'inconsolability'. Conclusions 'No eye contact' and 'no awareness of surroundings' identifies ED. 'Abnormal facial expression', 'crying', and 'inconsolability' indicate acute pain in children in the early postoperative period.
Articolo in rivista - Articolo scientifico
acute pain; anaesthesia recovery period; child; delirium; general anaesthesia;
acute pain; anaesthesia recovery period; child; delirium; general anaesthesia; Anesthesia, General; Child; Child Behavior; Child, Preschool; Delirium; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Humans; Infant; Male; Pain Measurement; Pain, Postoperative; Prospective Studies; Retrospective Studies; Anesthesia Recovery Period; Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine; Medicine (all)
English
2016
116
3
377
383
partially_open
Somaini, M., Engelhardt, T., Fumagalli, R., Ingelmo, P. (2016). Emergence delirium or pain after anaesthesia - How to distinguish between the two in young children: A retrospective analysis of observational studies. BRITISH JOURNAL OF ANAESTHESIA, 116(3), 377-383 [10.1093/bja/aev552].
File in questo prodotto:
File Dimensione Formato  
10281-127481.pdf

accesso aperto

Tipologia di allegato: Publisher’s Version (Version of Record, VoR)
Dimensione 251.58 kB
Formato Adobe PDF
251.58 kB Adobe PDF Visualizza/Apri
Emergence-delirium-or-pain-after-anaesthesia--How-to-distinguish-between-the-two-in-young-children-A-retrospective-analysis-of-observational-studies2016British-Journal-of-Anaesthesia.pdf

Solo gestori archivio

Tipologia di allegato: Publisher’s Version (Version of Record, VoR)
Dimensione 251.58 kB
Formato Adobe PDF
251.58 kB Adobe PDF   Visualizza/Apri   Richiedi una copia

I documenti in IRIS sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.

Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/10281/127481
Citazioni
  • Scopus 64
  • ???jsp.display-item.citation.isi??? 57
Social impact