In several countries of the World the situation of access to improved water sources (supplying an adequate quantity and protected from contamination) is still critical. In this context UNICEF is promoting manual drilling as a suitable low cost technical solution to increase the use of groundwater. Manual drilling refers to several drilling methods that rely on human energy to construct a borehole and complete a water supply. These techniques are cheaper than mechanized boreholes, easy to implement and able to provide clean water if correctly applied. Unfortunately manual drilling can be used only in areas where formations are quite soft and groundwater is relatively shallow. Mapping of suitable zones has been carried out in several countries in Africa, but previous methods are based on a qualitative approach, depending from availability of data and not structured. The main aim of this research is to develop an improved methodology for the characterization of shallow geological conditions and for the identification of suitable zones for manual drilling, by integrating the analysis of existing information from water point database with parameters derived from remote sensing and terrain modelling. This study has been carried out in two different areas, in Senegal and Guinea (West Africa), in the framework of the UK funded project "Use of remote sensing and terrain modeling to identify suitable zones for manual drilling in Africa and support low cost water supply", within the scientific cooperation of partners from Italy, Senegal and Guinea. The first part of the research focused in the definition of a well-structured and semi-quantitative conceptual model to estimate suitability for manual drilling, based on the knowledge of depth of water, depth of hard rock, thickness of lateritic layers and hydraulic transmissivity of shallow aquifer. In the second part this conceptual model has been applied in the two study areas A specific software (TANGAFRIC) to process borehole data has been elaborated, taking into consideration the existing water point database in both countries and the experience of stratigraphic analysis with software TANGRAM at University Milano Bicocca. Using TANGAFRIC with a procedure of manual codification of stratigraphic data and automatic analysis, it was possible to estimate hydro-geological parameters of shallow aquifer at borehole positions. In the mean time a set of variables have been obtained from three categories of data: - geology, geomorphology, soil and land cover, obtained from existing thematic maps; - vegetation phenology, apparent thermal inertia, and soil moisture, obtained from analysis of multitemporal optical and thermal satellite MODIS data and radar (ASAR) data; - morphometric parameters, obtained from public digital elevation models (ASTER GDEM). These variables have been combined using multivariate statistical methods in order to evaluate their relationship with hydrogeological parameters obtained from borehole data: this analysis allowed to extrapolate the information about geometry and hydraulic parameters of shallow exploitable aquifers with manual drilling from borehole position to the whole study area, and finally identifying those zones with potentially suitable conditions. The final result of this research was a comprehensive mapping of suitable zones for manual drilling in the regions under study. The maps thus produced are important tools for a correct planning of water programs by UNICEF and local institutions. The proposed methodology allows the integration of layers of information available in each region that show meaningful relation with those parameters required for the evaluation of suitability for manual drilling (R2 = 0.73 with groundwater depth in Senegal), therefore they can improve the interpretation of shallow hydrogeological context. Furthermore the software TANGAFRIC could be a valid support to local institutions for the organization and analysis of hydrogeological data.

In diversi paesi del mondo la situazione di accesso all'acqua (in termini di quantita' e protezione dalla contaminazione) e' ancora critica. In questo contesto UNCEF sta promuovendo la perforazione manuale (manual drilling) come una valida soluzione tecnica per aumentare l'uso delle acqua sotterranea. "Manual drilling" indica un insieme di metodi di perforazione che utilizzano energia umana per la costruzione del pozzo. Queste tecniche sono piu' economiche delle perforazioni meccanizzate e facili da realizzare; Sfortunatamente pero' sono applicabili solo in zone con formazioni non consolidate e profondita' dell' acqua limitata. La cartografia delle zone favorevoli e' stata realizzata in diversi paesi; il metodo adottato pero' ha un approccio qualitativo, dipendente dalla disponibilita' di dati presistenti e con un procedimento poco strutturato. L'obiettivo di questa ricerca e' lo sviluppo di una metodologia per l 'identificazione delle zone favorevoli alle perforazioni manuali. mediante la integrazione di dati esistenti sui punti d'acqua con parametri derivati da telerilevamento e modellazione del terreno Lo studio e' stato realizzato in due aree nel quadro del progetto "Use of remote sensing and terrain modeling to identify suitable zones for manual drilling in Africa and support low cost water supply", che ha visto partners di Italia, Senegal e Guinea. La prima parte si e' concentrata sulla definizione di un modello concettuale semi-quantitativo per la stima della attitudine alle perforazioni manuali, basato sulla conoscenza di profondita' dell'acqua, della roccia, spessore di laterite e della trasmissivita' dell'acquifero superficiale. Nella parte successiva si e' applicato questo modello concettuale alle due aree di studio. Per questo si sono realizzate le seguenti azioni: 1 - uno specifico software per la elaborazione dei dati dei pozzi e' stato sviluppato, sulla base della struttura dei database esistenti nei due paesi e della esperienza nel trattamento con il software TANGRAM all'Unversita' Milano Bicocca. 2 - Tramite la codificazione manuale e l'analisi automatica si sono stimati i parametri idrogeologici dello strato acquifero superficiale nei pozzi. 3 - Contemporaneamente si sono estratti: • geologia, morfopedologia, tipo e copertura del suolo, ottenute da mappe tematiche esistenti; • dinamica della vegetazione, della inerzia termica apparente e dell'umidita' del terreno, ottenute da analisi multitemporali di immagini satellitari MODIS (ottiche e termiche) e dati radar ASAR; • parametri morfometrici otenuti da modelli di elevazione ASTER. 4 - Analisi multivariata per valutare le relazioni tra queste variabili e i parametri idrogeologici ottenuti dai dati dei pozzi; cio' ha permesso di estrapolare le informazioni sull' acquifero superficiale a tutta l'area di studio, identificando quindi le zone favorevoli. I risultati principali sono le carte delle zone favorevoli alle perforazioni manuali che sono strumenti essenziali per la pianificazione dei programmi idrici di UNICEF e dei governi locali. I metodo proposto permette di integrare livelli di informazioni disponibili in ogni regione che hanno mostrato relazioni significative con alcuni parametri fondamentali per la stima della attitudine alle perforazioni manuali (R2 = 0.73 con la profondita' dell'acqua in Senegal) e che quindi possono migliorare la ricostruzione del contesto idrogeologico a bassa profondita', specialmente in mancanza di dati diretti. Inoltre il software TANGAFRIC potra' essere utilizzato per facilitare la organizzazione e interpretazione dei dati idrogeologici disponibili per altre regioni, rappresentando un valido supporto per le istituzioni locali.

(2015). Integration of hydrogeological investigation, remote sensing and terrain modeling for the analysis of shallow aquifers in West Africa and the identification of suitable zones for manual drilling. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2015).

Integration of hydrogeological investigation, remote sensing and terrain modeling for the analysis of shallow aquifers in West Africa and the identification of suitable zones for manual drilling

FUSSI, FABIO ANTONIO
2015

Abstract

In several countries of the World the situation of access to improved water sources (supplying an adequate quantity and protected from contamination) is still critical. In this context UNICEF is promoting manual drilling as a suitable low cost technical solution to increase the use of groundwater. Manual drilling refers to several drilling methods that rely on human energy to construct a borehole and complete a water supply. These techniques are cheaper than mechanized boreholes, easy to implement and able to provide clean water if correctly applied. Unfortunately manual drilling can be used only in areas where formations are quite soft and groundwater is relatively shallow. Mapping of suitable zones has been carried out in several countries in Africa, but previous methods are based on a qualitative approach, depending from availability of data and not structured. The main aim of this research is to develop an improved methodology for the characterization of shallow geological conditions and for the identification of suitable zones for manual drilling, by integrating the analysis of existing information from water point database with parameters derived from remote sensing and terrain modelling. This study has been carried out in two different areas, in Senegal and Guinea (West Africa), in the framework of the UK funded project "Use of remote sensing and terrain modeling to identify suitable zones for manual drilling in Africa and support low cost water supply", within the scientific cooperation of partners from Italy, Senegal and Guinea. The first part of the research focused in the definition of a well-structured and semi-quantitative conceptual model to estimate suitability for manual drilling, based on the knowledge of depth of water, depth of hard rock, thickness of lateritic layers and hydraulic transmissivity of shallow aquifer. In the second part this conceptual model has been applied in the two study areas A specific software (TANGAFRIC) to process borehole data has been elaborated, taking into consideration the existing water point database in both countries and the experience of stratigraphic analysis with software TANGRAM at University Milano Bicocca. Using TANGAFRIC with a procedure of manual codification of stratigraphic data and automatic analysis, it was possible to estimate hydro-geological parameters of shallow aquifer at borehole positions. In the mean time a set of variables have been obtained from three categories of data: - geology, geomorphology, soil and land cover, obtained from existing thematic maps; - vegetation phenology, apparent thermal inertia, and soil moisture, obtained from analysis of multitemporal optical and thermal satellite MODIS data and radar (ASAR) data; - morphometric parameters, obtained from public digital elevation models (ASTER GDEM). These variables have been combined using multivariate statistical methods in order to evaluate their relationship with hydrogeological parameters obtained from borehole data: this analysis allowed to extrapolate the information about geometry and hydraulic parameters of shallow exploitable aquifers with manual drilling from borehole position to the whole study area, and finally identifying those zones with potentially suitable conditions. The final result of this research was a comprehensive mapping of suitable zones for manual drilling in the regions under study. The maps thus produced are important tools for a correct planning of water programs by UNICEF and local institutions. The proposed methodology allows the integration of layers of information available in each region that show meaningful relation with those parameters required for the evaluation of suitability for manual drilling (R2 = 0.73 with groundwater depth in Senegal), therefore they can improve the interpretation of shallow hydrogeological context. Furthermore the software TANGAFRIC could be a valid support to local institutions for the organization and analysis of hydrogeological data.
COLOMBO, ROBERTO
Groundwater; Remote Sensing; Manual Drilling
GEO/05 - GEOLOGIA APPLICATA
English
23-set-2015
Scuola di dottorato di Scienze
SCIENZE AMBIENTALI - 09R
27
2013/2014
open
(2015). Integration of hydrogeological investigation, remote sensing and terrain modeling for the analysis of shallow aquifers in West Africa and the identification of suitable zones for manual drilling. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2015).
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/10281/89448
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