The aim of this research is to analyze health protection in a multicultural society from a legal and philosophical point of view. The focus of analysis will be issues of self-determination and bodily integrity in female genital mutilation made by minority ethnic groups. The analysis begins with framing the concepts of health and disease in a historical and sociological perspective, with attention also on non-Western cultural practices. The definition of health by the World Health Organization is taken as a reference point to propose a concept of health which is not culturally determined and that can be an instrument of health promotion for every individual. This proposal is set against an approach that evaluates public health and hygiene on the basis of economic standards. By contrast, the definition of health introduced by the WHO includes a subjective dimension, which is also one of self-determination and to the free individual choice. The criticalities of the WHO definition approach leads one to consider different levels of description of the concept of disease which do not ignore its social and cultural dimensions. In order to analyze the legal aspects of the right to health in national and international regulations, in the second chapter, the research analyzes the theoretical and political implications of assuming concepts of fundamental rights. In particular, the focus is on the foundational challenge posed by ethical relativism and pluralism. According to these views, one cannot identify an absolute foundation of these rights; in reply, I claim that there are reasons to affirm the effective universality of internationally recognized rights, such as the right to health. Subsequently, the research pays attention to the difference between a right to health and a right to health care. The theories that consider the right to health only as a right to health care are shown to have substantial limitations, if compared to theories that regard the right to health also as a liberty right, interpreted as the right of the individual to autonomously decide the interventions he or she wants to undergo. The third chapter of the research focuses on bodily interventions and on the limits of self-determination, determined by the partially conflicting value of bodily integrity. To illustrate this problem, ethical and political reasons for and against female genetic mutilations are analyzed, as well as the repressive strategy used by the Italian legislator, placed in the context of international and national law. This strategy is criticized on the basis of pragmatic considerations, rather than matter of principle. Recognizing the lacking of efficacy of the Italian law, the proposal of a “ritual sunnah” is endorsed, since its symbolic efficacy could be a pragmatic, even if temporary, solution, aimed to protect woman’s rights and to prevent from clandestine mutilations. The last section considers the bodily integrity argument, adopted to motivate the opposition to female bodily mutilation. The research analyzes the strength of this argument against female genital mutilation, when this is requested by adult and competent women. This is a case in which the principle of self-determination is also at stake so I deny that it can be considered a valid argument, especially in reason of the common and legal acceptance of other bodily interventions (such as genital plastic surgery, male circumcision, ect.) that damage the bodily integrity of the individual as well.
La tesi di dottorato ha affrontato, dal punto di vista filosofico-giuridico, il tema della tutela della salute nel contesto multiculturale, prestando particolare attenzione alle implicazioni dei concetti di autodeterminazione e di integrità del corpo con specifico riferimento alle richieste di mutilazione genitale femminile, sempre più frequentemente avanzate da gruppi etnici minoritari. Al fine di poter analizzare le modalità di tutela della salute, la ricerca ha preso avvio da una ricognizione storico-sociologica dei concetti di salute e malattia nelle diverse epoche storiche, comprendendo anche riferimenti alle pratiche culturali diverse da quella Occidentale. In proposito, si è prestata particolare attenzione alla definizione di salute elaborata dall’Organizzazione Mondiale della Sanità, di cui sono stati messi in evidenza non solo gli elementi innovativi, ma anche i profili problematici, alla luce dei quali è emersa la necessità di un ripensamento della definizione di salute che tenga conto dei diversi livelli di descrizione del fenomeno malattia e non trascuri la dimensione sociale e culturale. Nel secondo capitolo la ricerca, portando attenzione alla nozione di diritti fondamentali, ha dato conto dell’impossibilità di individuare un fondamento assoluto di tali diritti, per poi passare in rassegna le ragioni sulla base delle quali si può predicare l’effettiva universalità di alcuni diritti riconosciuti a livello internazionale, tra i quali è possibile annoverare il diritto alla salute. In particolare, sono state messe in evidenza i limiti e le implicazioni politiche di concezioni teoriche che circoscrivono il diritto alla salute al diritto a ricevere prestazioni, rispetto a concezioni che, al contrario, ne affermano il carattere non solo di diritto sociale, ma anche di diritto di libertà. Rivolgendo attenzione agli interventi sul corpo e ai limiti che il principio di autodeterminazione trova nel concetto di integrità, nel terzo capitolo è stata presa in esame una particolare forma di interventi sul corpo, propria di culture diverse da quella occidentale, vale a dire le mutilazioni genitali femminili. Attraverso l’analisi del panorama normativo internazionale e nazionale, è stata portata particolare attenzione alla strategia repressiva messa in atto dal legislatore italiano che, ferme restando alcune considerazioni di principio, presta tuttavia il fianco a numerosi rilievi critici, formulati sulla base di considerazioni pragmatiche e di efficacia. Alla luce di tali criticità, è stata presa in considerazione la proposta della “sunna rituale”, la cui efficacia simbolica potrebbe essere una soluzione ispirata al compromesso pragmatico, volto a tutelare i diritti delle donne e a prevenire mutilazioni clandestine. In conclusione, la ricerca ha esaminato criticamente se l’argomento dell’integrità, adottato per motivare l’opposizione alle richieste di mutilazione genitale femminile avanzate da donne capaci e maggiorenni, possa essere considerato una ragione dirimente e ultimativa, soprattutto se messa a confronto con gli argomenti addotti a sostegno dell’accettazione sociale e della liceità giuridica accordata ad altri interventi, che pure danneggiano l’integrità fisica dell’individuo, come, ad esempio, alcune forme di chirurgia plastica genitale, o come la circoncisione maschile.
(2015). La tutela della salute nella società multiculturale tra autodeterminazione e integrità del corpo. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2015).
La tutela della salute nella società multiculturale tra autodeterminazione e integrità del corpo
NOBILE, MARIANNA
2015
Abstract
The aim of this research is to analyze health protection in a multicultural society from a legal and philosophical point of view. The focus of analysis will be issues of self-determination and bodily integrity in female genital mutilation made by minority ethnic groups. The analysis begins with framing the concepts of health and disease in a historical and sociological perspective, with attention also on non-Western cultural practices. The definition of health by the World Health Organization is taken as a reference point to propose a concept of health which is not culturally determined and that can be an instrument of health promotion for every individual. This proposal is set against an approach that evaluates public health and hygiene on the basis of economic standards. By contrast, the definition of health introduced by the WHO includes a subjective dimension, which is also one of self-determination and to the free individual choice. The criticalities of the WHO definition approach leads one to consider different levels of description of the concept of disease which do not ignore its social and cultural dimensions. In order to analyze the legal aspects of the right to health in national and international regulations, in the second chapter, the research analyzes the theoretical and political implications of assuming concepts of fundamental rights. In particular, the focus is on the foundational challenge posed by ethical relativism and pluralism. According to these views, one cannot identify an absolute foundation of these rights; in reply, I claim that there are reasons to affirm the effective universality of internationally recognized rights, such as the right to health. Subsequently, the research pays attention to the difference between a right to health and a right to health care. The theories that consider the right to health only as a right to health care are shown to have substantial limitations, if compared to theories that regard the right to health also as a liberty right, interpreted as the right of the individual to autonomously decide the interventions he or she wants to undergo. The third chapter of the research focuses on bodily interventions and on the limits of self-determination, determined by the partially conflicting value of bodily integrity. To illustrate this problem, ethical and political reasons for and against female genetic mutilations are analyzed, as well as the repressive strategy used by the Italian legislator, placed in the context of international and national law. This strategy is criticized on the basis of pragmatic considerations, rather than matter of principle. Recognizing the lacking of efficacy of the Italian law, the proposal of a “ritual sunnah” is endorsed, since its symbolic efficacy could be a pragmatic, even if temporary, solution, aimed to protect woman’s rights and to prevent from clandestine mutilations. The last section considers the bodily integrity argument, adopted to motivate the opposition to female bodily mutilation. The research analyzes the strength of this argument against female genital mutilation, when this is requested by adult and competent women. This is a case in which the principle of self-determination is also at stake so I deny that it can be considered a valid argument, especially in reason of the common and legal acceptance of other bodily interventions (such as genital plastic surgery, male circumcision, ect.) that damage the bodily integrity of the individual as well.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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