Antigen and antibody are the two key reagents for an immunodiagnostic assay. Investigation of new techniques and improvement of processes such as purification and site-specific labeling of antigen and antibody molecules can promote the development of new more powerful bioreagents able of improving the performance of immunodiagnostic assays. The first part of this thesis aimed to explore innovative biotechnology techniques in antigen production for the improvement of immunoassays that allow the detection of antibodies directed against the Epstein-Barr virus. EBV virus is the causative agent of infectious mononucleosis and it is considered to be associated with a still increasing number of tumors; for this reason it is important to develop diagnostic assays for EBV detection with high specificity and sensitivity. The viral capsid protein VCA p18 is one of the most important antigens for the diagnosis of EBV. The current Diasorin LIAISON EBV VCA IgM and IgG assays rely on a single antigen, consisting in a synthetic peptide corresponding to the immunodominant C-terminal portion of the p18 protein, which is immobilized on solid phase (indirect format). The several methods explored in this thesis have allowed to obtain different variants of the p18 antigen with the aim to improve the performance of DiaSorin LIAISON EBV VCA IgM and IgG assays at different levels: 1_production of p18 antigen; 2_immobilization of p18 antigen on solid phase; 3_immunoassay format. 1_ The length of the immunodominant C-terminal portion of the p18 protein (57aa) appears to be considerable for the synthetic route but, at the same time, too small to be effectively produced in a recombinant fashion. To overcome this problem, we explored the Elastin Like Polypeptides (ELP)-Intein system, a method based on the use of a self-cleavable protein (the intein) and a temperature responsive tag (ELP). This technique has proved to be an excellent system for the preparation of the p18 peptide. 2_The development of different variants of p18 antigen has enabled to explore different techniques for the immobilization of the same antigen on solid phase: direct covalent coating, through streptavidin-biotin complex and through an innovative procedure based on the use of leucine zipper (or “velcro”) peptides. The immobilization of the p18 peptide on solid phase through these different methods occurred successfully and the immunochemical activity of the antigen, immobilized with these innovative techniques, is comparable or better than that of the synthetic peptide used in the current immunoassays. 3_Despite the DiaSorin LIAISON EBV VCA IgM immonoassay has a good analytical performance, in order to obtain an increase of specificity, a new assay format was explored. Unfortunately, the results indicate that this different type of format reaches a lower level of specificity than that of current assay. The second part of this thesis aimed to explore an innovative method for the site-specific labeling of antibodies. One the most promising approach is based on the generation of free thiol groups by selective partial reduction of the interchain disulfide bridges present at the level of the “hinge region” and their reaction to labels carrying sulfhydryl-reactive chemical groups. This technology was used for the biotinylation of two different antibodies currently used in immunoassays for the HIV p24 viral protein and for FGF23 antigen detection. The results suggest that the site-specific biotinylation compared to the random traditional biotinylation promotes a great improvement of antibodies immunochemical activity with a consequent optimization of immunodiagnostic assays performance.

Antigene e anticorpo sono i due reagenti chiave di un saggio immunodiagnostico. L’indagine di nuove tecniche e il miglioramento di processi quali la purificazione e la marcatura sito-specifica di antigeni e anticorpi possono promuovere lo sviluppo di nuovi reagenti più efficienti capaci di migliorare la performance dei saggi immunodiagnostici. La prima parte di questa tesi è stata focalizzata sull’esplorazione di tecniche biotecnologiche innovative nella produzione di antigeni al fine di migliorare i saggi per la rilevazione degli anticorpi IgM e IgG specifici per il virus Epstein-Barr. Il virus EBV è causa della mononucleosi infettiva ed è associato ad un crescente numero di tumori; per questa motivo è importante sviluppare saggi diagnostici per la rilevazione di EBV ad alta specificità e sensibilità. La proteina VCA p18 è uno degli antigeni più importanti per la diagnosi di EBV. I saggi attuali Diasorin LIAISON EBV VCA IgM and IgG si basano su un singolo antigene corrispondente alla regione C-terminale immunodominante della proteina p18, immobilizzata su fase solida. I vari metodi esplorati in questa tesi hanno permesso di ottenere diverse varianti dell’antigene p18 con lo scopo di migliorare le prestazioni dei saggi EBV VCA IgM e IgG a diversi livelli: 1_produzione dell’antigene p18; 2_immobilizzazione dell’antigene p18 su fase solida; 3_formato di saggio. 1_La lunghezza della regione C-terminale della proteina p18 (57aa), risulta essere considerevole per il processo sintetico ma, allo stesso tempo, troppo piccola per essere prodotta in modo efficiente per via ricombinante. Per superare questo problema, abbiamo esplorato il sistema Elastin Like Polypeptides (ELP)-Inteina basato sull’uso di una proteina capace di effettuare auto-cleavage (inteina) e un tag responsivo alla temperatura (ELP). Questa tecnica si è rivelata un eccellente sistema per la produzione del peptide p18. 2_Lo sviluppo di diverse varianti dell’antigene p18 ha permesso di esplorare varie tecniche per l’immobilizzazione dello stesso antigene su fase solida: coating covalente diretto, attraverso il complesso streptavidina-biotina e attraverso l’uso dei peptidi leucine zipper (o velcro). L’immobilizzazione del peptide p18 su fase solida attraverso questi vari metodi è avvenuta con successo e l’attività immunochimica dell’antigene, immobilizzato con queste tecniche innovative, è comparabile o migliore rispetto a quella del peptide sintetico utilizzato nei saggi attuali. 3_Nonostante il saggio Diasorin LIAISON EBV VCA IgM abbia una buona performance analitica, al fine di ottenere un aumento di specificità, è stato esplorato un nuovo tipo di formato di saggio. Sfortunatamente i risultati indicano che questo diverso tipo di formato raggiunge un livello di specificità minore rispetto a quello del saggio attuale. La seconda parte di questa tesi è stata focalizzata sull’esplorazione di un metodo innovativo per la marcatura sito specifica degli anticorpi. Uno degli approcci più promettenti è basato sulla generazione di gruppi tiolo liberi attraverso la riduzione parziale e selettiva dei ponti disolfuro inter-catena presenti a livello della “hinge region” e la loro reazione con molecole marcanti caratterizzate dal possedere gruppi funzionali reattivi verso i gruppi sulfidrilici. Questa tecnologia è stata utilizzata per la biotinilazione di due diversi anticorpi usati attualmente per il rilevamento della proteina virale p24 di HIV e per l’antigene FGF23. I risultati suggeriscono che la biotinilazione sito-specifica rispetto a quella classica random promuove un miglioramento dell'attività immunochimica degli anticorpi con una conseguente ottimizzazione della performance dei saggi immunodiagnostici.

(2015). Exploration of new techniques for purification and chemo-selective conjugation of bioreagents for immunodiagnostic applications. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2015).

Exploration of new techniques for purification and chemo-selective conjugation of bioreagents for immunodiagnostic applications

MAZZOLENI, ELISA
2015

Abstract

Antigen and antibody are the two key reagents for an immunodiagnostic assay. Investigation of new techniques and improvement of processes such as purification and site-specific labeling of antigen and antibody molecules can promote the development of new more powerful bioreagents able of improving the performance of immunodiagnostic assays. The first part of this thesis aimed to explore innovative biotechnology techniques in antigen production for the improvement of immunoassays that allow the detection of antibodies directed against the Epstein-Barr virus. EBV virus is the causative agent of infectious mononucleosis and it is considered to be associated with a still increasing number of tumors; for this reason it is important to develop diagnostic assays for EBV detection with high specificity and sensitivity. The viral capsid protein VCA p18 is one of the most important antigens for the diagnosis of EBV. The current Diasorin LIAISON EBV VCA IgM and IgG assays rely on a single antigen, consisting in a synthetic peptide corresponding to the immunodominant C-terminal portion of the p18 protein, which is immobilized on solid phase (indirect format). The several methods explored in this thesis have allowed to obtain different variants of the p18 antigen with the aim to improve the performance of DiaSorin LIAISON EBV VCA IgM and IgG assays at different levels: 1_production of p18 antigen; 2_immobilization of p18 antigen on solid phase; 3_immunoassay format. 1_ The length of the immunodominant C-terminal portion of the p18 protein (57aa) appears to be considerable for the synthetic route but, at the same time, too small to be effectively produced in a recombinant fashion. To overcome this problem, we explored the Elastin Like Polypeptides (ELP)-Intein system, a method based on the use of a self-cleavable protein (the intein) and a temperature responsive tag (ELP). This technique has proved to be an excellent system for the preparation of the p18 peptide. 2_The development of different variants of p18 antigen has enabled to explore different techniques for the immobilization of the same antigen on solid phase: direct covalent coating, through streptavidin-biotin complex and through an innovative procedure based on the use of leucine zipper (or “velcro”) peptides. The immobilization of the p18 peptide on solid phase through these different methods occurred successfully and the immunochemical activity of the antigen, immobilized with these innovative techniques, is comparable or better than that of the synthetic peptide used in the current immunoassays. 3_Despite the DiaSorin LIAISON EBV VCA IgM immonoassay has a good analytical performance, in order to obtain an increase of specificity, a new assay format was explored. Unfortunately, the results indicate that this different type of format reaches a lower level of specificity than that of current assay. The second part of this thesis aimed to explore an innovative method for the site-specific labeling of antibodies. One the most promising approach is based on the generation of free thiol groups by selective partial reduction of the interchain disulfide bridges present at the level of the “hinge region” and their reaction to labels carrying sulfhydryl-reactive chemical groups. This technology was used for the biotinylation of two different antibodies currently used in immunoassays for the HIV p24 viral protein and for FGF23 antigen detection. The results suggest that the site-specific biotinylation compared to the random traditional biotinylation promotes a great improvement of antibodies immunochemical activity with a consequent optimization of immunodiagnostic assays performance.
VANONI, MARCO ERCOLE
BRUSASCA, PIER NATALE
Immunodiagnostic assay; Epstein-Barr virus (EBV); p18 viral capsid antigen; Protein purification; Elastin-Like Polypeptides (ELP); Inteins; Expressed Protein Ligation (EPL); Unnatural amino acids incorporation; Velcro peptides (VP); Click chemistry; Site-specific labeling of antigens and antibodies
BIO/10 - BIOCHIMICA
English
12-feb-2015
Scuola di dottorato di Scienze
BIOTECNOLOGIE INDUSTRIALI - 15R
27
2013/2014
open
(2015). Exploration of new techniques for purification and chemo-selective conjugation of bioreagents for immunodiagnostic applications. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2015).
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/10281/68468
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