The purpose of this work is the elucidation of some aspects of the interaction between lipopolysaccharide (LPS) binding proteins and their natural ligand or synthetic compounds. LptC (Lipopolysaccharide transport C) is a bacterial protein belonging to Lpt complex, a molecular machinery composed of 7 essential proteins involved in the transport of LPS to the outer membrane in Gram negative bacteria after its biogenesis. Although many elements of LPS biosynthesis have been clarified, the precise mechanism of transport is still not completely understood. Since LptC can be considered as a model protein of Lpt complex, sharing the same folding of other proteins and being the first one in the periplasm, we have developed and optimized an in vitro binding assay to study its interaction with LPS. We have obtained, for the first time, detailed information about the thermodynamic and kinetic parameters of LptC-LPS binding. We have shown that the in vitro LptC-LPS binding is irreversible with a Kd of the order of μM. Considering the structural similarities between LptC and the eukaryotic protein CD14, belonging to TLR4 receptor system, the binding between LptC and the synthetic molecule iaxo-102, a known ligand of CD14, has been investigated. It is evident that iaxo-102 shares the same binding site of LPS and that the binding is irreversible with an affinity lower than that LptC-LPS. So, iaxo-102 can be considered as a lead compound for the development a new generation of antibiotics targeting the biogenesis of LPS. LPS also binds to other proteins, such as those of innate immunity TLR4, CD14 and MD-2. The LPS recognition by these receptors induces the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and immunomodulators that trigger the inflammatory and immune responses. These reactions are useful for the organism, but when TLR4 activation is too strong or not well regulated induces sepsis, inflammation and autoimmune syndromes, which still lack a pharmacological treatment. A possible solution to solve this problem consists in the research and development of compounds which modulate this excessive activation. In the second part of thesis work, the biological characterization of some synthetic compounds, with different chemical features, have been reported. All compounds have been screened for their toxicity using MTT assay, and their modulatory activity on TLR4 pathway by using HEK cells stably transfected with TLR4, CD14 and MD-2 genes. The best compounds have been further characterized by in vitro assays on HEK cells transfected with the human or murine complex TLR4·MD-2 and in vivo studies. Finally, the possible correlation between the known anti-inflammatory properties of some natural compounds, such as the phenolic compounds of olive oil, and TLR4 activity has been investigated. The aim of this study is double: to find a lead compound active on TLR4 pathway, but also to discriminate which chemical features are important to obtain this effect. In addition, the information obtained could be very useful to guide the rational design of other TLR4 modulators.
L’obiettivo di questa tesi è elucidare alcuni aspetti dell’interazione tra proteine che legano il lipopolisaccaride (LPS) batterico e il loro ligando naturale o ligandi di sintesi. LptC (Lipopolysaccharide transport C) è una proteina batterica che appartiene al sistema di trasporto Lpt, un sistema di 7 proteine essenziali che trasportano l’LPS sulla membrana esterna dei batteri Gram negativi dopo la sua biosintesi. Sebbene molti elementi della biosintesi dell’LPS siano stati elucidati, il preciso meccanismo di trasporto è ancora poco chiaro. Poiché LptC può essere considerata come proteina modello del sistema Lpt, in quanto presenta lo stesso folding delle altre proteine ed è la prima ad essere localizzata nel periplasma, abbiamo sviluppato ed ottimizzato un saggio di binding in vitro per studiare la sua interazione con l’LPS. Abbiamo ottenuto, per la prima volta, dettagliate informazioni sui parametri termodinamici e cinetici dell’interazione LptC-LPS. Abbiamo infatti dimostrato che in vitro il binding LptC-LPS è irreversibile con una Kd dell’ordine del μM. Considerando le analogie strutturali tra LptC e la proteina eucariotica CD14, appartenente al sistema recettoriale del TLR4, in modo analogo è stata studiata l’interazione di LptC con la molecola sintetica IAXO-102, un noto ligando di CD14. È emerso che IAXO-102 condivide lo stesso sito di legame dell’LPS e che l’interazione con la proteina è irreversibile con un’affinità inferiore a quella LptC-LPS. IAXO-102 può dunque essere considerato un prototipo per lo sviluppo di una nuova generazione di antibiotici che ha come target la biogenesi dell’LPS. L’LPS è in grado di interagire con molte altre proteine, tra le quali quelle del sistema dell’immunità innata (TLR4, CD14, MD-2). Il riconoscimento dell’LPS da parte di questi recettori induce una forte risposta infiammatoria che termina con la produzione di citochine pro-infiammatorie e fattori immunomodulatori. Questa reazione infiammatoria è utile all’organismo, ma quando si manifesta in modo eccessivamente potente e sregolato induce sepsi, processi infiammatori e sindromi autoimmuni per le quali non è ancora disponibile un trattamento farmacologico. Una possibile soluzione al problema consiste nella ricerca e nello sviluppo di composti in grado di modulare questa eccessiva attivazione. Nella seconda parte di questo lavoro, sono riportate le caratterizzazioni biologiche di alcuni composti di sintesi con caratteristiche chimiche differenti. Di tutti i composti è stata valutata la tossicità mediante saggio dell’MTT e l’attività modulatoria del pathway del TLR4 utilizzando cellule HEK stabilmente trasfettate con i geni del TLR4, CD14 ed MD-2. Ulteriori caratterizzazioni sono state effettuate sui composti più promettenti, effettuando saggi in vitro su cellule HEK trasfettate con il complesso umano o murino TLR4•MD-2 e saggi in vivo. Infine, abbiamo investigato la possibile correlazione tra le note proprietà anti-infiammatorie di alcuni composti naturali, come i composti fenolici presenti nell’olio di oliva, e il pathway del TLR4. L’obiettivo di questo lavoro è duplice: individuare un lead compound come possibile modulatore del TLR4, ma anche discriminare quali caratteristiche chimiche siano importanti per ottenere questo effetto. Inoltre, le informazioni ottenute potrebbero essere estremamente utili per guidare il rational design di altri modulatori del TLR4.
(2015). LPS-binding proteins: interaction studies with natural and synthetic ligands. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2015).
LPS-binding proteins: interaction studies with natural and synthetic ligands
SESTITO, STEFANIA ENZA
2015
Abstract
The purpose of this work is the elucidation of some aspects of the interaction between lipopolysaccharide (LPS) binding proteins and their natural ligand or synthetic compounds. LptC (Lipopolysaccharide transport C) is a bacterial protein belonging to Lpt complex, a molecular machinery composed of 7 essential proteins involved in the transport of LPS to the outer membrane in Gram negative bacteria after its biogenesis. Although many elements of LPS biosynthesis have been clarified, the precise mechanism of transport is still not completely understood. Since LptC can be considered as a model protein of Lpt complex, sharing the same folding of other proteins and being the first one in the periplasm, we have developed and optimized an in vitro binding assay to study its interaction with LPS. We have obtained, for the first time, detailed information about the thermodynamic and kinetic parameters of LptC-LPS binding. We have shown that the in vitro LptC-LPS binding is irreversible with a Kd of the order of μM. Considering the structural similarities between LptC and the eukaryotic protein CD14, belonging to TLR4 receptor system, the binding between LptC and the synthetic molecule iaxo-102, a known ligand of CD14, has been investigated. It is evident that iaxo-102 shares the same binding site of LPS and that the binding is irreversible with an affinity lower than that LptC-LPS. So, iaxo-102 can be considered as a lead compound for the development a new generation of antibiotics targeting the biogenesis of LPS. LPS also binds to other proteins, such as those of innate immunity TLR4, CD14 and MD-2. The LPS recognition by these receptors induces the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and immunomodulators that trigger the inflammatory and immune responses. These reactions are useful for the organism, but when TLR4 activation is too strong or not well regulated induces sepsis, inflammation and autoimmune syndromes, which still lack a pharmacological treatment. A possible solution to solve this problem consists in the research and development of compounds which modulate this excessive activation. In the second part of thesis work, the biological characterization of some synthetic compounds, with different chemical features, have been reported. All compounds have been screened for their toxicity using MTT assay, and their modulatory activity on TLR4 pathway by using HEK cells stably transfected with TLR4, CD14 and MD-2 genes. The best compounds have been further characterized by in vitro assays on HEK cells transfected with the human or murine complex TLR4·MD-2 and in vivo studies. Finally, the possible correlation between the known anti-inflammatory properties of some natural compounds, such as the phenolic compounds of olive oil, and TLR4 activity has been investigated. The aim of this study is double: to find a lead compound active on TLR4 pathway, but also to discriminate which chemical features are important to obtain this effect. In addition, the information obtained could be very useful to guide the rational design of other TLR4 modulators.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Descrizione: Tesi di dottorato
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