Light Emitting Devices (LEDs) are the cornerstone technology for modern lighting, given their small size, long-term durability, rapid reaction, consistent brightness, and superior power consumption efficiency. LEDs are highly engineered electrical components, due to the use of complex heterostructures to tailor their optoelectronic properties. This introduces structural and morphological trade-offs in their design that have the potential to hamper their expected performance. Some of the problems, which determine their degradation, are intrinsic to the materials used, while others are generated during the LED fabrication process: the epitaxy growth, the device processing (photolithography and chemical etching), or the actual use as finished products. LEDs’ efficiency is defined by the radiative recombination of their free-carriers inside the active region, which depends strongly on the crystalline quality of the active region. Common strategies to improve LED efficiency rely on an appropriate tuning of the band structure via the use of 2D quantum heterostructures (quantum wells - QWs) that increases the electron-hole wavefunctions’ overlap, thus improving their radiative recombination. Finally, appropriate doping levels tune the carrier dynamics in terms of injection into the active region, avoiding their overflow, hence, improving the overall power conversion efficiency. This thesis shared the efforts between the University of Milano-Bicocca and Vishay Semiconductor, Inc. for the development of one of its patented, own-processed and commercially sold GaAs MQW-based IR-LED towards its novel design generation. The work done for this project can be summarized as the implementation of a systematic design strategy plan for the development of Vishay’s LED from a scientific point of view, providing its full characterization as a final product whose properties could be effectively traced back to its device architecture and fundamental parameters tackled in its original epitaxy growth recipe, hence, identifying its underlying physics mechanisms as root causes for its behaviour. In particular, it can be distinguished in two main aspects: a) the optimization of the device’s epitaxy growth via MOVPE to achieve optimal lattice-matched and strain-compensated conditions while attaining the desired alloy compositions, thicknesses and doping levels, aiming for its desired wavelength emission, and b) the electrical characterization of the processed final device to evaluate its behaviour over different current regimes and estimate its power conversion efficiency. Specifically, these included the tasks of i) calibrating MOVPE growth conditions, ii) properly assessing the fundamental parameters for the device, iii) evaluating the stability of the growth process and of the final device behaviour thanks to literature research and theoretical simulation of an ideal version of the LED, assuring for lattice-matched conditions, strain-balancing of the MQW active layer, and interplay of alloy compositions, thicknesses and doping levels on its working conditions from a classical to a quantic point of view, iv) defining a systematic investigation procedure of the growth parameters influence on the device performances, and v) characterizing the post-growth samples via optical and morphological techniques, i.e. EL, PL, HR-XRD, TEM, and ECV, vi) understanding how the Vishay’s patented LED processing could affect the final chip properties, vii) characterizing the processed chips in terms of their electrical properties via measurements of their Light-Output-Power over their current regimes and lifetime accelerated degradation tests over time, and viii) tracing the findings from the different characterizations of the device back to its defining parameters. The project identified the design flaws to then fixed them, achieving the improvement of its efficiency and stability over time by an order of magnitude from the original design.

I LED sono essenziali per l'illuminazione moderna, grazie alle loro dimensioni ridotte, lunga durata, rapidità di risposta, luminosità costante ed elevata efficienza energetica. I LED sono componenti elettrici altamente ingegnerizzati per l'utilizzo di eterostrutture complesse che ne ottimizzano le proprietà optoelettroniche. Ciò introduce compromessi strutturali e morfologici nella loro progettazione, che possono comprometterne le prestazioni attese. Alcuni dei problemi che ne determinano il degrado sono intrinseci ai materiali utilizzati, altri si generano durante il loro processo di fabbricazione: la crescita epitassiale, la lavorazione del dispositivo (fotolitografia e incisione chimica) o il loro utilizzo come prodotti finiti. La loro efficienza è definita dalla ricombinazione radiativa di portatori liberi all'interno della regione attiva, dipendente dalla sua qualità cristallina. Strategie per migliorarla si basano sulla regolazione della struttura a bande tramite l'uso di eterostrutture quantistiche 2D (QW) che aumentano la sovrapposizione delle funzioni d'onda elettrone-lacuna. Infine, livelli di drogaggio appropriati regolano la dinamica di iniezione dei portatori nella regione attiva, evitandone l’eccedenza e migliorando così l'efficienza complessiva di conversione di potenza. Questa tesi ha condiviso gli sforzi tra l'Università di Milano-Bicocca e Vishay Semiconductor, GmbH. per lo sviluppo di un IR-LED basati su MQW GaAs da loro internamente brevettato e commercializzato, in un nuovo design di generazione. Il lavoro svolto si riassume in una progettazione sistematica del loro sviluppo da un punto di vista scientifico, fornendone la completa caratterizzazione come prodotto finale le cui proprietà sono ricondotte all'architettura del dispositivo e ai parametri fondamentali affrontati nella sua ricetta di crescita epitassiale, identificando i suoi meccanismi fisici sottostanti come cause del suo comportamento. Può essere distinto in due aspetti principali: a) l'ottimizzazione della crescita epitassiale del dispositivo tramite MOVPE per ottenere condizioni ottimali di adattamento reticolare e compensazione della deformazione, ottenendo al contempo le composizioni di lega, spessori e livelli di drogaggio desiderati, per una lunghezza d'onda di emissione desiderata, e b) la caratterizzazione elettrica del dispositivo finale per valutarne il comportamento a diversi regimi di corrente e stimarne l'efficienza di conversione di potenza. Nello specifico, questi includevano i compiti di i) calibrazione delle condizioni di crescita MOVPE, ii) valutazione dei parametri fondamentali per il dispositivo, iii) valutazione della stabilità del processo di crescita e del comportamento finale del dispositivo grazie alla ricerca bibliografica e alla simulazione teorica di una versione ideale del LED, assicurando condizioni di corrispondenza reticolare, bilanciamento delle deformazioni dello strato attivo MQW e interazione delle composizioni delle leghe, degli spessori e dei livelli di drogaggio sulle sue condizioni di lavoro classiche e quantistiche, iv) definizione di una procedura di indagine sistematica dell'influenza dei parametri di crescita sulle prestazioni del dispositivo, v) caratterizzazione dei campioni post-crescita tramite tecniche ottiche e morfologiche, (EL, PL, HR-XRD, TEM ed ECV), vi) comprensione di come il processamento dei chip brevettato da Vishay può influenzare le loro proprietà finali, vii) caratterizzazione delle proprietà elettriche dei chip tramite misurazioni della loro luminosità emessa su diversi regimi di corrente e test di degradazione accelerata nel tempo, e viii) tracciamento dei risultati delle diverse caratterizzazioni del dispositivo ricondotti ai suoi parametri di riferimento. Il progetto ha identificato i difetti di progettazione per poi correggerli, ottenendo un miglioramento dell'efficienza e della stabilità nel tempo di un ordine di grandezza rispetto al design originale.

Lambardi, D (2026). Development and characterization of a GaAs MQW-based IR-LED grown by MOVPE. (Tesi di dottorato, , 2026).

Development and characterization of a GaAs MQW-based IR-LED grown by MOVPE

LAMBARDI, DAVIDE
2026

Abstract

Light Emitting Devices (LEDs) are the cornerstone technology for modern lighting, given their small size, long-term durability, rapid reaction, consistent brightness, and superior power consumption efficiency. LEDs are highly engineered electrical components, due to the use of complex heterostructures to tailor their optoelectronic properties. This introduces structural and morphological trade-offs in their design that have the potential to hamper their expected performance. Some of the problems, which determine their degradation, are intrinsic to the materials used, while others are generated during the LED fabrication process: the epitaxy growth, the device processing (photolithography and chemical etching), or the actual use as finished products. LEDs’ efficiency is defined by the radiative recombination of their free-carriers inside the active region, which depends strongly on the crystalline quality of the active region. Common strategies to improve LED efficiency rely on an appropriate tuning of the band structure via the use of 2D quantum heterostructures (quantum wells - QWs) that increases the electron-hole wavefunctions’ overlap, thus improving their radiative recombination. Finally, appropriate doping levels tune the carrier dynamics in terms of injection into the active region, avoiding their overflow, hence, improving the overall power conversion efficiency. This thesis shared the efforts between the University of Milano-Bicocca and Vishay Semiconductor, Inc. for the development of one of its patented, own-processed and commercially sold GaAs MQW-based IR-LED towards its novel design generation. The work done for this project can be summarized as the implementation of a systematic design strategy plan for the development of Vishay’s LED from a scientific point of view, providing its full characterization as a final product whose properties could be effectively traced back to its device architecture and fundamental parameters tackled in its original epitaxy growth recipe, hence, identifying its underlying physics mechanisms as root causes for its behaviour. In particular, it can be distinguished in two main aspects: a) the optimization of the device’s epitaxy growth via MOVPE to achieve optimal lattice-matched and strain-compensated conditions while attaining the desired alloy compositions, thicknesses and doping levels, aiming for its desired wavelength emission, and b) the electrical characterization of the processed final device to evaluate its behaviour over different current regimes and estimate its power conversion efficiency. Specifically, these included the tasks of i) calibrating MOVPE growth conditions, ii) properly assessing the fundamental parameters for the device, iii) evaluating the stability of the growth process and of the final device behaviour thanks to literature research and theoretical simulation of an ideal version of the LED, assuring for lattice-matched conditions, strain-balancing of the MQW active layer, and interplay of alloy compositions, thicknesses and doping levels on its working conditions from a classical to a quantic point of view, iv) defining a systematic investigation procedure of the growth parameters influence on the device performances, and v) characterizing the post-growth samples via optical and morphological techniques, i.e. EL, PL, HR-XRD, TEM, and ECV, vi) understanding how the Vishay’s patented LED processing could affect the final chip properties, vii) characterizing the processed chips in terms of their electrical properties via measurements of their Light-Output-Power over their current regimes and lifetime accelerated degradation tests over time, and viii) tracing the findings from the different characterizations of the device back to its defining parameters. The project identified the design flaws to then fixed them, achieving the improvement of its efficiency and stability over time by an order of magnitude from the original design.
SANGUINETTI, STEFANO
LED; MOVPE; GaAs; Equilibrio elastico; Pozzo quantico
LED; MOVPE; GaAs; Strain-balancing; MQW
English
21-set-2026
38
2024/2025
embargoed_20290921
Lambardi, D (2026). Development and characterization of a GaAs MQW-based IR-LED grown by MOVPE. (Tesi di dottorato, , 2026).
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Descrizione: Development and characterization of a GaAs MQW-based IR-LED grown by MOVPE
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/10281/626803
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