The research analyzed the legal frameworks governing the establishment of a network of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) and other conservation measures in the Maldives and the broader Indian Ocean region, with particular emphasis on the implementation by the Maldives of obligations arising from principal international instruments concerning marine environmental protection and the sustainable utilization of marine resources. In the first phase, the study analyzed the delimitation of Maldivian maritime spaces under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (Montego Bay, 1982 - UNCLOS), assessing legal consistency and the implications of sea-level rise on insularity and maritime boundaries. Special attention was given to the maritime boundary dispute between Mauritius and the Maldives before the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS), which raises significant issues regarding maritime delimitation and the recognition of marine rights of the indigenous populations of the Chagos Archipelago. The analysis also addressed issues of marine pollution and waste management, evaluating the conformity of Maldivian legislation with the Basel (1989), Rotterdam (1998), and Stockholm (2001) Conventions. The recent amendment of the Waste Management Act, allowing the import of waste from third countries, was identified as potentially inconsistent with the Basel Convention, posing the risk of transforming the Maldives into a regional disposal hub. Additional challenges persist in the management of hazardous chemicals and pesticides, as well as in the absence of national guidelines for the disposal of PCBs, due to technical and institutional gaps. At the regional level, the research advocates for a convention-based approach inspired by the Barcelona Convention (1976) as a foundation for a future binding legal framework in the northern Indian Ocean, capable of promoting cooperation in waste management and marine conservation, including through instruments analogous to Specially Protected Areas of Mediterranean Importance (SPAMIs). In the final phase, the focus shifted to ecosystem restoration and the governance of MPAs. The study examined the vulnerability of island States to climate change and the contribution of ecosystem restoration to adaptation, in light of the 2023 ITLOS Advisory Opinion clarifying State obligations to prevent and repair climate-related damage under UNCLOS. With regard to the Kunming–Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (2022) under the Convention on Biological Diversity (Rio de Janeiro, 1992), the implementation of Target 2 in Maldivian law was assessed, highlighting the need to strengthen the legal framework for ecosystem restoration. The research proposes the recognition of coral restoration sites as Other Effective area-based Conservation Measures (OECMs), as exemplified by the MaRHE Center (Magoodhoo, Faafu Atoll), and outlines the legal basis for establishing a representative network of MPAs in the central atolls, founded on scientific evidence and participatory governance models provided under the Decentralization Act (2010). The absence of technical-scientific coordination bodies analogous to the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) is identified as a structural limitation to regional environmental governance. Overall, the study provides an original contribution to understanding international marine environmental law as applied to small island States, outlining an integrated legal framework for biodiversity conservation, climate resilience, and the promotion of inclusive, evidence-based governance models.
La ricerca ha analizzato i profili giuridici connessi all’istituzione di una rete di aree marine protette (AMP) e altre misure di conservazione nelle Maldive e nella regione più ampia dell’Oceano Indiano, concentrandosi sul recepimento e l’attuazione, da parte dello Stato maldiviano, degli obblighi derivanti dai principali strumenti internazionali in materia di tutela dell’ambiente marino e uso sostenibile delle risorse. Nella prima fase, lo studio ha esaminato la delimitazione degli spazi marini maldiviani alla luce della Convenzione delle Nazioni Unite sul Diritto del Mare (Montego Bay, 1982 - UNCLOS), valutandone coerenza giuridica e implicazioni dell’innalzamento del livello del mare sullo stato di insularità e sui confini marittimi. Particolare attenzione è stata dedicata alla controversia sul confine marittimo tra Mauritius e Maldive dinanzi al Tribunale Internazionale del Diritto del Mare (ITLOS), rilevante per la delimitazione marittima e il riconoscimento dei diritti marini delle popolazioni indigene dell’Arcipelago Chagos. L’analisi ha inoltre approfondito la gestione dei rifiuti e l’inquinamento marino, valutando la conformità dell’ordinamento maldiviano alle Convenzioni di Basilea (1989), Rotterdam (1998) e Stoccolma (2001). La recente modifica del Waste Management Act, che consente l’importazione di rifiuti da Stati terzi, è stata individuata come potenzialmente in contrasto con i principi della Convenzione di Basilea, con il rischio di trasformare le Maldive in un centro di smaltimento regionale. Persistono criticità nella gestione di sostanze chimiche pericolose e pesticidi, nonché l’assenza di linee guida nazionali per lo smaltimento dei PCB, dovute a carenze tecniche e istituzionali. A livello regionale, la ricerca propone un approccio convenzionale ispirato alla Convenzione di Barcellona (1976), quale base per un futuro quadro vincolante nel Nord dell’Oceano Indiano, in grado di promuovere cooperazione nella gestione dei rifiuti e conservazione marina, anche attraverso strumenti analoghi alle Aree Specialmente Protette di Importanza Mediterranea. Nella fase conclusiva, l’attenzione si è concentrata sul ripristino degli ecosistemi e sulla governance delle AMP. È stata approfondita la vulnerabilità degli Stati insulari ai cambiamenti climatici e il contributo del restauro ecologico all’adattamento, alla luce del parere consultivo ITLOS del 2023 sulla responsabilità degli Stati in materia di prevenzione e riparazione dei danni climatici ai sensi dell’UNCLOS. In relazione al Kunming–Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (2022), è stato valutato il recepimento del Target 2 nelle normative maldiviane, evidenziando la necessità di rafforzare la disciplina sul ripristino ecosistemico. La ricerca propone il riconoscimento dei siti di restauro corallino come Other Effective area-based Conservation Measures (OECMs), sperimentato presso il MaRHE Center (Magoodhoo, Atollo Faafu), e delinea le basi giuridiche per una rete rappresentativa di AMP negli atolli centrali, fondata su evidenze scientifiche e modelli di governance partecipativa previsti dal Decentralization Act (2010). L’assenza di organismi di coordinamento tecnico-scientifico analoghi a International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) è individuata come limite strutturale alla governance regionale. Nel complesso, lo studio contribuisce alla comprensione del diritto internazionale dell’ambiente marino applicato ai piccoli Stati insulari, delineando un quadro giuridico integrato per la conservazione della biodiversità, la resilienza climatica e la promozione di modelli di governance inclusiva e basata su evidenze scientifiche.
Canella, C (2026). The Legal Basis for Representative Networks of Marine Protected Areas and the Implementation of Other Effective Area-Based Conservation Measures in the Maldives and the Wider Indian Ocean Region. (Tesi di dottorato, , 2026).
The Legal Basis for Representative Networks of Marine Protected Areas and the Implementation of Other Effective Area-Based Conservation Measures in the Maldives and the Wider Indian Ocean Region
CANELLA, CRISTINA
2026
Abstract
The research analyzed the legal frameworks governing the establishment of a network of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) and other conservation measures in the Maldives and the broader Indian Ocean region, with particular emphasis on the implementation by the Maldives of obligations arising from principal international instruments concerning marine environmental protection and the sustainable utilization of marine resources. In the first phase, the study analyzed the delimitation of Maldivian maritime spaces under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (Montego Bay, 1982 - UNCLOS), assessing legal consistency and the implications of sea-level rise on insularity and maritime boundaries. Special attention was given to the maritime boundary dispute between Mauritius and the Maldives before the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS), which raises significant issues regarding maritime delimitation and the recognition of marine rights of the indigenous populations of the Chagos Archipelago. The analysis also addressed issues of marine pollution and waste management, evaluating the conformity of Maldivian legislation with the Basel (1989), Rotterdam (1998), and Stockholm (2001) Conventions. The recent amendment of the Waste Management Act, allowing the import of waste from third countries, was identified as potentially inconsistent with the Basel Convention, posing the risk of transforming the Maldives into a regional disposal hub. Additional challenges persist in the management of hazardous chemicals and pesticides, as well as in the absence of national guidelines for the disposal of PCBs, due to technical and institutional gaps. At the regional level, the research advocates for a convention-based approach inspired by the Barcelona Convention (1976) as a foundation for a future binding legal framework in the northern Indian Ocean, capable of promoting cooperation in waste management and marine conservation, including through instruments analogous to Specially Protected Areas of Mediterranean Importance (SPAMIs). In the final phase, the focus shifted to ecosystem restoration and the governance of MPAs. The study examined the vulnerability of island States to climate change and the contribution of ecosystem restoration to adaptation, in light of the 2023 ITLOS Advisory Opinion clarifying State obligations to prevent and repair climate-related damage under UNCLOS. With regard to the Kunming–Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (2022) under the Convention on Biological Diversity (Rio de Janeiro, 1992), the implementation of Target 2 in Maldivian law was assessed, highlighting the need to strengthen the legal framework for ecosystem restoration. The research proposes the recognition of coral restoration sites as Other Effective area-based Conservation Measures (OECMs), as exemplified by the MaRHE Center (Magoodhoo, Faafu Atoll), and outlines the legal basis for establishing a representative network of MPAs in the central atolls, founded on scientific evidence and participatory governance models provided under the Decentralization Act (2010). The absence of technical-scientific coordination bodies analogous to the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) is identified as a structural limitation to regional environmental governance. Overall, the study provides an original contribution to understanding international marine environmental law as applied to small island States, outlining an integrated legal framework for biodiversity conservation, climate resilience, and the promotion of inclusive, evidence-based governance models.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Descrizione: The Legal Basis for Representative Networks of Marine Protected Areas and the Implementation of Other Effective Area-Based Conservation Measures in the Maldives and the Wider Indian Ocean Region
Tipologia di allegato:
Doctoral thesis
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2.64 MB
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Adobe PDF
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