The rapid evolution of hybrid materials and nanocomposites has enabled the design of multifunctional systems that combine high mechanical performance with adaptive and intelligent properties. Hybrid materials, intimate mixtures of organic and inorganic components, exhibit synergistic behaviours arising from interfacial interactions rather than from the properties of individual constituents. When these interfaces are engineered at the nanoscale, nanocomposites display outstanding mechanical, electrical, and thermal performance, making them highly versatile for advanced technological applications. Within this framework, smart polymer composites have gained increasing attention for their ability to respond to external stimuli such as stress, temperature, or electric fields. Among them, self-sensing composites represent a major step forward for structural health monitoring (SHM). Traditional SHM systems rely on external sensors embedded in structures, which increase cost and complexity and often fail to detect micro-damage in real time. In contrast, self-sensing materials integrate the sensing functionality within the matrix itself through the incorporation of conductive nanofillers. These form percolative networks capable of detecting structural changes autonomously, as variations in electrical resistance induced by deformation, cracks, or delamination provide direct and continuous information on the material’s state. In parallel, self-healing composites have emerged as materials able to repair damage autonomously after mechanical failure or environmental degradation. Through reversible interactions such as hydrogen bonding, ionic crosslinks, or dynamic covalent bonds, these systems can restore structural integrity and prolong service life. The integration of self-sensing and self-healing capabilities represents a decisive step toward autonomous materials capable not only of detecting damage but also of responding to it. This thesis investigates the design, synthesis, and characterization of multifunctional hybrid composites integrating these functionalities through three main research streams. (1) X@rGO hybrid filler (X = SiO₂ nanoparticles or Halloysite nanotubes) were developed to couple the conductivity of reduced graphene oxide with the reinforcement of ceramic phases. When embedded in epoxy matrices for glass fiber-reinforced composites, they enhanced mechanical performance and sensing ability. In PDMS matrix, the same fillers imparted both electrical conductivity and flexibility, enabling potential use as stretchable piezoresistive sensors. (2) CNTs@ZnO hybrid filler combined the conductivity of carbon nanotubes with the reversible ionic crosslinking of ZnO. Incorporated into carboxylated rubber (XNBR), they provided simultaneous self-healing through Zn²⁺–COOH interactions and electrical conductivity for damage monitoring, relevant to applications such as O-ring production. (3) Glass fiber-reinforced polymers (GFRPs) were fabricated using modified fibers coated with rGO and self-healing polymers, demonstrating lightweight, robust, and multifunctional materials capable of in-situ damage detection and recovery. Overall, this work contributes to the development of the next generation of hybrid composites that integrate structural, sensing, and healing functionalities, offering a foundation for truly autonomous materials suitable for advanced engineering sectors such as automotive, aerospace, and wind energy industries.

L’evoluzione dei materiali ibridi e dei nanocompositi ha aperto nuove prospettive per la progettazione di sistemi multifunzionali capaci di combinare elevate prestazioni meccaniche con proprietà adattive e intelligenti. I materiali ibridi, costituiti da componenti organici e inorganici, mostrano comportamenti sinergici derivanti dalle interazioni interfacciali piuttosto che dalle caratteristiche dei singoli costituenti. Quando tali interfacce vengono ingegnerizzate su scala nanometrica, i nanocompositi manifestano proprietà meccaniche, elettriche e termiche eccezionali, risultando estremamente versatili per applicazioni tecnologiche avanzate. In questo contesto, i compositi polimerici intelligenti hanno attirato crescente attenzione per la loro capacità di rispondere a stimoli esterni quali sforzo, temperatura o campo elettrico. Tra questi, i compositi self-sensing rappresentano un importante passo avanti nel monitoraggio strutturale. I sistemi di monitoraggio strutturale tradizionali si basano su sensori esterni integrati nelle strutture, che aumentano costi e complessità e non sempre permettono di rilevare micro-danni in tempo reale. Al contrario, i materiali self-sensing integrano la funzionalità di rilevamento direttamente nella matrice grazie all’incorporazione di nanofiller conduttivi, in grado di formare reti conduttive che rilevano autonomamente variazioni strutturali. Le variazioni di resistenza elettrica dovute a deformazioni, cricche o delaminazioni forniscono così informazioni dirette e continue sullo stato del materiale. Parallelamente, i compositi auto-riparanti sono emersi come materiali in grado di autoripararsi dopo un danno meccanico o un degrado ambientale. Grazie a interazioni reversibili come legami a idrogeno, ponti ionici o legami covalenti dinamici, tali sistemi possono ripristinare l’integrità strutturale e prolungare la vita utile del materiale. L’integrazione delle funzionalità di self-sensing e self-healing rappresenta quindi un passo decisivo verso materiali autonomi, capaci non solo di rilevare il danno ma anche di reagirvi. Questa tesi indaga la progettazione, la sintesi e la caratterizzazione di compositi ibridi multifunzionali attraverso tre linee di ricerca principali. (1) X@rGO (X = nanoparticelle di SiO₂ o nanotubi di halloysite) sono stati sviluppati per combinare la conducibilità del grafene ridotto con il rinforzo delle fasi ceramiche. Inseriti in matrici epossidiche per compositi GFRP, hanno migliorato resistenza meccanica e capacità self-sensing. In matrici PDMS, gli stessi riempitivi hanno conferito conducibilità elettrica e flessibilità, rendendoli idonei a sensori piezoresistivi estensibili. (2) CNTs@ZnO hanno unito la conducibilità dei nanotubi di carbonio con la capacità di reticolazione ionica reversibile dell’ossido di zinco. Incorporati in gomme carbossilate (XNBR), hanno mostrato auto-riparazione tramite interazioni Zn²⁺–COOH e conducibilità elettrica utile al monitoraggio del danno, con potenziali applicazioni nella produzione di O-ring. (3) Compositi GFRP modificati con fibre di vetro rivestite da rGO e matrici polimeriche auto-riparanti hanno dimostrato di essere materiali leggeri, robusti e multifunzionali, capaci di rilevare e recuperare danni in situ. Complessivamente, questo lavoro contribuisce allo sviluppo di una nuova generazione di compositi ibridi che integrano capacità strutturali, di monitoraggio e autoriparanti, ponendo le basi per materiali realmente autonomi destinati a settori avanzati quali quello automobilistico, aerospaziale ed eolico.

Colombo, M (2026). Design and Development of Functional Fillers for Applications in Advanced Self-Healing and Self-Sensing Polymer Composites. (Tesi di dottorato, , 2026).

Design and Development of Functional Fillers for Applications in Advanced Self-Healing and Self-Sensing Polymer Composites

COLOMBO, MARTA
2026

Abstract

The rapid evolution of hybrid materials and nanocomposites has enabled the design of multifunctional systems that combine high mechanical performance with adaptive and intelligent properties. Hybrid materials, intimate mixtures of organic and inorganic components, exhibit synergistic behaviours arising from interfacial interactions rather than from the properties of individual constituents. When these interfaces are engineered at the nanoscale, nanocomposites display outstanding mechanical, electrical, and thermal performance, making them highly versatile for advanced technological applications. Within this framework, smart polymer composites have gained increasing attention for their ability to respond to external stimuli such as stress, temperature, or electric fields. Among them, self-sensing composites represent a major step forward for structural health monitoring (SHM). Traditional SHM systems rely on external sensors embedded in structures, which increase cost and complexity and often fail to detect micro-damage in real time. In contrast, self-sensing materials integrate the sensing functionality within the matrix itself through the incorporation of conductive nanofillers. These form percolative networks capable of detecting structural changes autonomously, as variations in electrical resistance induced by deformation, cracks, or delamination provide direct and continuous information on the material’s state. In parallel, self-healing composites have emerged as materials able to repair damage autonomously after mechanical failure or environmental degradation. Through reversible interactions such as hydrogen bonding, ionic crosslinks, or dynamic covalent bonds, these systems can restore structural integrity and prolong service life. The integration of self-sensing and self-healing capabilities represents a decisive step toward autonomous materials capable not only of detecting damage but also of responding to it. This thesis investigates the design, synthesis, and characterization of multifunctional hybrid composites integrating these functionalities through three main research streams. (1) X@rGO hybrid filler (X = SiO₂ nanoparticles or Halloysite nanotubes) were developed to couple the conductivity of reduced graphene oxide with the reinforcement of ceramic phases. When embedded in epoxy matrices for glass fiber-reinforced composites, they enhanced mechanical performance and sensing ability. In PDMS matrix, the same fillers imparted both electrical conductivity and flexibility, enabling potential use as stretchable piezoresistive sensors. (2) CNTs@ZnO hybrid filler combined the conductivity of carbon nanotubes with the reversible ionic crosslinking of ZnO. Incorporated into carboxylated rubber (XNBR), they provided simultaneous self-healing through Zn²⁺–COOH interactions and electrical conductivity for damage monitoring, relevant to applications such as O-ring production. (3) Glass fiber-reinforced polymers (GFRPs) were fabricated using modified fibers coated with rGO and self-healing polymers, demonstrating lightweight, robust, and multifunctional materials capable of in-situ damage detection and recovery. Overall, this work contributes to the development of the next generation of hybrid composites that integrate structural, sensing, and healing functionalities, offering a foundation for truly autonomous materials suitable for advanced engineering sectors such as automotive, aerospace, and wind energy industries.
D'ARIENZO, MASSIMILIANO
RIVA, MASSIMILIANO
Self-healing; Self-sensing; Funzionalizzazione; Ossidi ceramici; Unità carboniose
Self-healing; Self-sensing; Functionalization; Ceramic oxides; Carbon-based filler
English
19-feb-2026
38
2024/2025
open
Colombo, M (2026). Design and Development of Functional Fillers for Applications in Advanced Self-Healing and Self-Sensing Polymer Composites. (Tesi di dottorato, , 2026).
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/10281/610781
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