In scientific research, the development of materials that combine high mechanical performance with reduced environmental impact is a growing priority, particularly in elastomer nanocomposites (NCs) for tyre applications. These systems rely on inorganic fillers to impart improved mechanical properties, with particular interest in those that provide reinforcement while limiting energy dissipation. Controlling the energy lost during cyclic deformation, hysteresis, directly affects rolling resistance, the resistive force that reduces tyre energy efficiency and, in turn, increases fuel consumption and CO2 emissions. In this context, anisotropic silica-based materials has attracted attention because elongated particles can build more efficient filler networks that mitigate hysteresis. For these reasons, natural Sepiolite (Sep), a fibrous clay, is currently regarded as the benchmark among anisotropic fillers: its high aspect ratio (AR) enables strong reinforcement with relatively low hysteresis and a favorable environmental footprint. In this scenario, this Thesis investigates the design and synthesis of (anisotropic silica-based) ASiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) through sustainable routes and evaluates their behavior in rubber NCs. A fully inorganic hydrothermal method was developed to obtain calcium ASiO2 (Ca_ASiO2) fibers with tunable AR, without surfactants or organic templates. The same strategy was applied using sodium silicate extracted from rice husk (RH) ash, demonstrating waste recovery and material valorization consistent with circular-economy goals. Two complementary, both hard and soft, templating approaches were also exploited to explore new NPs morphologies, enabling the preparation of core-shell, hollow, and helical ASiO2 NPs. The optimized and scaled materials, Ca_ASiO2 NPs with different AR and the RH-derived counterparts, were incorporated into rubber using both conventional mixing and the eco-friendly latex compound technique (LCT) for the filler pre-dispersion. Thus, the resulting NCs were tested and the dynamic-mechanical properties evaluated, showing that the synthetic Ca_ASiO2 NPs, including those obtained from the renewable precursor RH, achieved reinforcement and hysteresis values comparable to commercial Sep. In particular, the shorter ASiO2 NPs offered the most balanced performance with a remarkable low Payne effect and reduced hysteresis. Overall, this work demonstrates that ASiO2 can be synthesized from renewable materials, through green routes, integrated effectively into elastomer systems, and deliver competitive performance, highlighting a promising strategy for lower-emission tyre compounds. Future work will consolidate the reproducibility and scalability of the exploratory templated routes, which yielded morphologies of clear interest. In parallel, optimizing Ca_ASiO2 NPs in industrial formulations, screening other metal-ASiO2 systems, and performing life-cycle and techno-economic assessments will be essential to validate ASiO2 as next generation fillers that combine high performance with a low environmental footprint.
Nella ricerca scientifica, lo sviluppo di materiali che combinano elevate prestazioni meccaniche con un ridotto impatto ambientale rappresenta una priorità crescente, in particolare nel campo dei nanocompositi elastomerici (NCs) per applicazioni in pneumatici. Questi sistemi si basano sull’impiego di cariche inorganiche per migliorare le proprietà meccaniche, con particolare interesse verso quelle in grado di fornire rinforzo riducendo al contempo la dissipazione di energia. Il controllo dell’energia persa durante la deformazione ciclica, ovvero l’isteresi, influisce direttamente sulla resistenza al rotolamento, la forza resistente che riduce l’efficienza energetica del pneumatico e, di conseguenza, aumenta il consumo di carburante e le emissioni di CO₂.In questo contesto, i materiali anisotropi a base di silice hanno attirato grande attenzione poiché particelle allungate possono costruire reti di carica più efficienti, capaci di mitigare l’isteresi. Tra questi, la sepiolite naturale (Sep), un’argilla fibrosa, è attualmente considerata il riferimento tra i filler anisotropi: il suo elevato rapporto d’aspetto (AR) consente un forte effetto rinforzante con isteresi relativamente bassa e un profilo ambientale favorevole. In questo scenario, la presente Tesi indaga la progettazione e la sintesi di nanoparticelle di silice anisotropa (ASiO₂) ottenute mediante percorsi sostenibili, valutandone il comportamento all’interno di NCs a matrice elastomerica. È stato sviluppato un metodo idrotermale completamente inorganico per ottenere fibre di calcio ASiO₂ (Ca_ASiO₂) con AR modulabile, senza l’impiego di tensioattivi o template organici. La stessa strategia è stata applicata utilizzando silicato di sodio estratto dalle ceneri di lolla di riso (RH), dimostrando la possibilità di valorizzare scarti e di operare in linea con i principi dell’economia circolare. Sono inoltre stati esplorati due approcci di templating complementari, uno rigido e uno morbido, per ottenere nuove morfologie di nanoparticelle, includendo strutture core–shell, cave e elicoidali. I materiali ottimizzati e scalati, le nanoparticelle Ca_ASiO₂ con diversi AR e le controparti derivate da RH, sono stati successivamente incorporati nella gomma sia tramite miscelazione convenzionale sia mediante la tecnica latex compound technique (LCT), un approccio ecocompatibile per la pre-dispersione delle cariche. I nanocompositi risultanti sono stati caratterizzati meccanicamente e dinamicamente, mostrando che le nanoparticelle sintetiche Ca_ASiO₂, comprese quelle ottenute dal precursore rinnovabile RH, raggiungono valori di rinforzo e isteresi comparabili con la sepiolite commerciale. In particolare, le nanoparticelle ASiO₂ a minore AR hanno fornito le prestazioni più bilanciate, con un marcato basso Payne effect e ridotta isteresi. Complessivamente, questo lavoro dimostra che le ASiO₂ possono essere sintetizzate da materiali rinnovabili attraverso percorsi “green”, integrate efficacemente in sistemi elastomerici e fornire prestazioni competitive, delineando una strategia promettente per la realizzazione di mescole per pneumatici a minori emissioni. Le prospettive future includono la verifica della riproducibilità e della scalabilità delle rotte templated esplorative, che hanno prodotto morfologie di evidente interesse, nonché l’ottimizzazione delle Ca_ASiO₂ in formulazioni industriali, l’esplorazione di altri sistemi metallo–ASiO₂ e la realizzazione di valutazioni di ciclo di vita (LCA) e tecno-economiche, essenziali per validare le ASiO₂ come filler di nuova generazione ad alte prestazioni e basso impatto ambientale.
Piraino, F (2026). Novel high aspect ratio nanomaterials from renewable feedstock: towards greener tyre. (Tesi di dottorato, , 2026).
Novel high aspect ratio nanomaterials from renewable feedstock: towards greener tyre
PIRAINO, FRANCESCO
2026
Abstract
In scientific research, the development of materials that combine high mechanical performance with reduced environmental impact is a growing priority, particularly in elastomer nanocomposites (NCs) for tyre applications. These systems rely on inorganic fillers to impart improved mechanical properties, with particular interest in those that provide reinforcement while limiting energy dissipation. Controlling the energy lost during cyclic deformation, hysteresis, directly affects rolling resistance, the resistive force that reduces tyre energy efficiency and, in turn, increases fuel consumption and CO2 emissions. In this context, anisotropic silica-based materials has attracted attention because elongated particles can build more efficient filler networks that mitigate hysteresis. For these reasons, natural Sepiolite (Sep), a fibrous clay, is currently regarded as the benchmark among anisotropic fillers: its high aspect ratio (AR) enables strong reinforcement with relatively low hysteresis and a favorable environmental footprint. In this scenario, this Thesis investigates the design and synthesis of (anisotropic silica-based) ASiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) through sustainable routes and evaluates their behavior in rubber NCs. A fully inorganic hydrothermal method was developed to obtain calcium ASiO2 (Ca_ASiO2) fibers with tunable AR, without surfactants or organic templates. The same strategy was applied using sodium silicate extracted from rice husk (RH) ash, demonstrating waste recovery and material valorization consistent with circular-economy goals. Two complementary, both hard and soft, templating approaches were also exploited to explore new NPs morphologies, enabling the preparation of core-shell, hollow, and helical ASiO2 NPs. The optimized and scaled materials, Ca_ASiO2 NPs with different AR and the RH-derived counterparts, were incorporated into rubber using both conventional mixing and the eco-friendly latex compound technique (LCT) for the filler pre-dispersion. Thus, the resulting NCs were tested and the dynamic-mechanical properties evaluated, showing that the synthetic Ca_ASiO2 NPs, including those obtained from the renewable precursor RH, achieved reinforcement and hysteresis values comparable to commercial Sep. In particular, the shorter ASiO2 NPs offered the most balanced performance with a remarkable low Payne effect and reduced hysteresis. Overall, this work demonstrates that ASiO2 can be synthesized from renewable materials, through green routes, integrated effectively into elastomer systems, and deliver competitive performance, highlighting a promising strategy for lower-emission tyre compounds. Future work will consolidate the reproducibility and scalability of the exploratory templated routes, which yielded morphologies of clear interest. In parallel, optimizing Ca_ASiO2 NPs in industrial formulations, screening other metal-ASiO2 systems, and performing life-cycle and techno-economic assessments will be essential to validate ASiO2 as next generation fillers that combine high performance with a low environmental footprint.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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phd_unimib_830903.pdf
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Descrizione: Novel high aspect ratio nanomaterials from renewable feedstock: towards greener tyre
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Doctoral thesis
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