This study unfolds at the intersection of museum and heritage studies, engaging with ethics and intellectual property in a circular process that begins with the museum, moves to source communities, and returns. Over the last fifty years, museums holding so-called ethnographic collections have attempted to distance themselves from their colonial legacy, often with uneven results. This doctoral research originates in this framework and is part of MUDEC's continuous self-reflection efforts. The management of Indigenous traditional cultural expressions raises ethical and practical concerns, and post-museums, which possess and utilise intellectual property, must recognise their moral agency while addressing enduring power disparities with source communities. Focusing on a select group of ethnographic textiles from the Cusco region, now in MUDEC’s collection, I followed their biographies, tracing their tournaments of value across different epistemological regimes, each reshaping their agency. A multi-sited ethnographic strategy was used to conduct fieldwork, involving government agencies, collectors, merchants, museum staff, and weavers in particular. In a form of reverse ethnography, I traced the villages of origin and established direct dialogue with source communities. Short-term research in various communities supplemented Pitumarca as the primary focus. This allowed multiple conversations and a nuanced understanding of the ontological entanglements shaping contemporary Andean textiles. The making of these textiles, understood through the concept of crianza mutua, relies on intergenerational care, weaving humans, materials, and environments together, thought with emotion, body with mind. Such a perspective resists the division between tangible and intangible heritage and complicates the application of conventional intellectual property frameworks that rely on Western notions of authorship and originality. However, these textiles are no longer part of exclusive Indigenous knowledge systems, but rather function in a variety of overlapping realms: as national symbols, commodities affected by market and tourism, repositories of traditional knowledge, and institutionalised museum heritage. Both their meanings and their creators' goals have changed as a result of their circulation throughout these global networks. Using MUDEC’s object images, I initiated conversations to explore community perspectives on their textiles and their museum representation. Weavers expressed pride in seeing their textiles abroad, with distance mitigating concerns over cultural appropriation and competition. Museums were seen as spaces to enhance Indigenous cultural visibility and attract potential visitors. While they did not perceive this condition as cultural loss, expectations were primarily moral rather than financial, emphasising recognition of collective attribution and requiring protection from misrepresentation or exploitation. Recognising the complexity and symbolic significance of these textiles, while avoiding overly decolonial approaches that risk essentialising Andean identities, this research suggests extending moral rights beyond conventional copyright limits. I believe that museums can develop more comprehensive moral-rights frameworks that are in line with Indigenous beliefs and customs by aiming at cultural equity and radical transparency in their practices. As a result, I propose an ethical protocol based on shared guardianship and on the idea that collections are not merely repositories but catalysts for the emergence of new paradigms of knowledge.

Questa ricerca si sviluppa all’intersezione tra studi museali e studi sul patrimonio culturale, affrontando questioni di etica e proprietà intellettuale in un processo circolare che inizia nel museo, si sposta verso le comunità di origine e ritorna. Negli ultimi cinquant’anni, i musei che custodiscono collezioni etnografiche hanno tentato di distanziarsi dalla loro eredità coloniale, spesso con risultati disomogenei. Questo progetto di dottorato nasce in questo contesto ed è parte del processo di autoriflessione del MUDEC. I post-musei, che possiedono e utilizzano proprietà intellettuale, devono infatti riconoscere la propria responsabilità morale affrontando le questioni etiche e pratiche sollevate dalla gestione delle espressioni culturali tradizionali indigene, e al contempo considerare le persistenti disparità di potere con le comunità di origine. Concentrandomi su un gruppo di tessuti provenienti dalla regione di Cusco, attualmente nella collezione del MUDEC, ho seguito le loro biografie, tracciando i loro tournaments of value attraverso diversi regimi epistemologici, ciascuno dei quali ha rimodellato la loro agency. La ricerca sul campo è stata condotta attraverso una strategia etnografica multi-situata, coinvolgendo istituzioni governative, collezionisti, mercanti, personale museale e, in particolare, tessitori. In una forma di etnografia inversa, ho individuato villaggi di origine e stabilito un dialogo diretto con le comunità di provenienza. Ricerche a breve termine in diverse comunità hanno integrato Pitumarca come sito principale, permettendomi di acquisire una comprensione più ampia degli intrecci ontologici che caratterizzano i tessuti andini contemporanei. La produzione di questi tessuti, intesa attraverso il concetto di crianza mutua, si fonda su una forma di cura intergenerazionale che intreccia esseri umani, materie prime e ambienti, unendo pensiero ed emozione, corpo e mente. Tale prospettiva rifiuta la separazione tra patrimonio tangibile e intangibile e complica l’applicazione dei quadri di proprietà intellettuale basati su concetti occidentali di autore e originalità. Tuttavia, questi tessuti non appartengono più esclusivamente ai sistemi di conoscenza indigena, ma operano in una varietà di ambiti sovrapposti: come simboli nazionali, merci influenzate dal mercato e dal turismo, depositi di conoscenza tradizionale e patrimonio museale istituzionalizzato. La loro circolazione attraverso queste reti globali ha inevitabilmente modificato i loro significati e gli obiettivi dei creatori. Utilizzando le immagini degli oggetti del MUDEC, ho avviato conversazioni per esplorare le prospettive delle comunità sui propri tessuti e sulla loro rappresentazione museale. I tessitori hanno espresso orgoglio nel vedere i propri pezzi esposti all’estero, con la distanza che attenua le preoccupazioni relative all’appropriazione culturale e alla concorrenza. Non considerandola una perdita in termini di cultura, i musei sono stati percepiti come spazi capaci di valorizzare la cultura andina e attrarre visitatori. Le aspettative erano infatti prevalentemente morali più che economiche, enfatizzando il riconoscimento dell’attribuzione collettiva e la necessità di protezione da rappresentazioni distorte. Riconoscendo la complessità e il significato simbolico di questi tessuti, pur evitando approcci puramente decoloniali che rischiano di essenzializzare le identità andine, questa ricerca propone di estendere i diritti morali oltre i limiti convenzionali del copyright. Si ritiene che i musei possano sviluppare quadri di applicazione dei diritti morali più ampi, in linea con credenze e pratiche indigene, promuovendo equità culturale e trasparenza radicale nelle loro attività. Di conseguenza, si propone un protocollo etico basato sulla custodia condivisa e sull’idea che le collezioni non siano meri depositi di informazioni, ma catalizzatori per l’emergere di nuovi paradigmi di conoscenza.

Villa, F (2026). Interweaving Ethical Practices: Shared Guardianship of Andean Textiles at MUDEC between Intangible Heritage and Intellectual Property. (Tesi di dottorato, , 2026).

Interweaving Ethical Practices: Shared Guardianship of Andean Textiles at MUDEC between Intangible Heritage and Intellectual Property

VILLA, FEDERICA
2026

Abstract

This study unfolds at the intersection of museum and heritage studies, engaging with ethics and intellectual property in a circular process that begins with the museum, moves to source communities, and returns. Over the last fifty years, museums holding so-called ethnographic collections have attempted to distance themselves from their colonial legacy, often with uneven results. This doctoral research originates in this framework and is part of MUDEC's continuous self-reflection efforts. The management of Indigenous traditional cultural expressions raises ethical and practical concerns, and post-museums, which possess and utilise intellectual property, must recognise their moral agency while addressing enduring power disparities with source communities. Focusing on a select group of ethnographic textiles from the Cusco region, now in MUDEC’s collection, I followed their biographies, tracing their tournaments of value across different epistemological regimes, each reshaping their agency. A multi-sited ethnographic strategy was used to conduct fieldwork, involving government agencies, collectors, merchants, museum staff, and weavers in particular. In a form of reverse ethnography, I traced the villages of origin and established direct dialogue with source communities. Short-term research in various communities supplemented Pitumarca as the primary focus. This allowed multiple conversations and a nuanced understanding of the ontological entanglements shaping contemporary Andean textiles. The making of these textiles, understood through the concept of crianza mutua, relies on intergenerational care, weaving humans, materials, and environments together, thought with emotion, body with mind. Such a perspective resists the division between tangible and intangible heritage and complicates the application of conventional intellectual property frameworks that rely on Western notions of authorship and originality. However, these textiles are no longer part of exclusive Indigenous knowledge systems, but rather function in a variety of overlapping realms: as national symbols, commodities affected by market and tourism, repositories of traditional knowledge, and institutionalised museum heritage. Both their meanings and their creators' goals have changed as a result of their circulation throughout these global networks. Using MUDEC’s object images, I initiated conversations to explore community perspectives on their textiles and their museum representation. Weavers expressed pride in seeing their textiles abroad, with distance mitigating concerns over cultural appropriation and competition. Museums were seen as spaces to enhance Indigenous cultural visibility and attract potential visitors. While they did not perceive this condition as cultural loss, expectations were primarily moral rather than financial, emphasising recognition of collective attribution and requiring protection from misrepresentation or exploitation. Recognising the complexity and symbolic significance of these textiles, while avoiding overly decolonial approaches that risk essentialising Andean identities, this research suggests extending moral rights beyond conventional copyright limits. I believe that museums can develop more comprehensive moral-rights frameworks that are in line with Indigenous beliefs and customs by aiming at cultural equity and radical transparency in their practices. As a result, I propose an ethical protocol based on shared guardianship and on the idea that collections are not merely repositories but catalysts for the emergence of new paradigms of knowledge.
ORSINI, CAROLINA
BARGNA, LEOPOLDO IVAN
Etica museale; Patrimonio; Diritti culturali; Tessuti andini; Mudec
Museum Ethics; Heritage; Cultural Rights; Andean Textiles; Mudec
English
5-mar-2026
38
2024/2025
open
Villa, F (2026). Interweaving Ethical Practices: Shared Guardianship of Andean Textiles at MUDEC between Intangible Heritage and Intellectual Property. (Tesi di dottorato, , 2026).
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/10281/610766
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