Magnetic confinement fusion devices operate in environments with intense particle emissions, which can be measured by dedicated diagnostics to gather information about the state of the plasma. Diagnostics will play a crucial role in the success of future tokamaks for commercial fusion power generation. This thesis explores the use of gamma-ray diagnostics in tokamaks for multiple applications. The Cerium-activated Lanthanum Bromide (LaBr3:Ce) scintillator has been selected as the reference detector, as it represents the state of the art in gamma-ray diagnostics thanks to its high performance and robustness in harsh radiative conditions. The primary study investigates the feasibility of using a LaBr3:Ce-based gamma-ray measurement system to evaluate fusion power at SPARC, a tokamak designed to achieve fusion gains of Q>1 with Deuterium–Tritium (DT) plasmas for the first time in a magnetic confinement fusion device. In present tokamaks, fusion power is typically determined by measuring neutron yields through flux monitors cross-calibrated with activation foils. Here, the possibility of performing analogous measurements using gamma-rays from the rarer DT branch T(D,γ)5He is assessed. The analysis builds on the experience gained at JET, where DT gamma-ray emission was recently observed and used to estimate fusion power for the first time in a tokamak. The study aims to define the fusion power range in which such DT gamma-ray measurements could be effectively performed at SPARC. The second application concerns the use of gamma-ray spectroscopy to study fast ions in Deuterium–Helium-3 (D–3He) plasmas from Three-Ion Scheme experiments at JET. In these scenarios, a fast deuteron population is injected by Neutral Beam Injection and further accelerated via Ion Cyclotron Resonance Heating. Using the Gamma Camera Upgrade system equipped with LaBr3:Ce detectors, gamma-ray data can be collected and, through tomographic reconstructions, spatial emissivity profiles can be obtained. The D–3He reaction predominantly produces an alpha particle and a proton, but a rarer branch emits a ∼16 MeV gamma-ray that can be detected by the Gamma Camera, allowing the reconstruction of the alpha particle birth profile. The aim of this work is to validate TRANSP code simulations performed at JET for these plasmas by comparing experimental results with synthetic profiles generated from the simulations. The last study investigates the use of multiple gamma-ray diagnostics to detect Bremsstrahlung radiation from runaway electron (RE) events. The goal is to demonstrate that detectors observing the plasma along multiple lines of sight can collect qualitatively distinct Bremsstrahlung spectra only if the RE pitch-angle distribution is not fully co-passing (i.e., not all electrons have pitch angles equal to zero), as it has been assumed in algorithms aimed at inferring the RE energy distribution from hard x-ray spectra using deconvolution methods. This hypothesis derives from experimental observations at JET, where different LaBr3:Ce detectors observe distinct spectral features during RE events. These findings suggest that employing multiple lines of sight may provide the opportunity to study the RE pitch-angle distribution in tokamaks, while also offering a more complete understanding of RE behaviour and emission mechanisms.

I dispositivi per la fusione a confinamento magnetico operano in ambienti caratterizzati da intense emissioni di particelle, che possono essere misurate mediante diagnostiche dedicate per ottenere informazioni sullo stato del plasma. Le diagnostiche giocheranno un ruolo cruciale nel successo dei futuri tokamak destinati alla produzione commerciale di energia da fusione. Questa tesi esplora l’utilizzo delle diagnostiche a raggi gamma nei tokamak per diverse applicazioni. Come rivelatore di riferimento è stato selezionato lo scintillatore a Bromuro di Lantanio attivato con Cerio (LaBr₃:Ce), che rappresenta lo stato dell’arte nella diagnostica gamma grazie alle sue elevate prestazioni e alla sua robustezza in condizioni radiative estreme. Lo studio principale indaga la fattibilità dell’impiego di un sistema di misura basato su LaBr₃:Ce per la valutazione della potenza di fusione in SPARC, un tokamak progettato per raggiungere guadagni di fusione Q > 1 con plasmi Deuterio–Trizio (DT) per la prima volta in un dispositivo a confinamento magnetico. Nei tokamak attuali, la potenza di fusione è generalmente determinata misurando il flusso neutronico tramite flux monitor cross-calibrati con fogli di attivazione. In questo lavoro viene valutata la possibilità di eseguire misure analoghe utilizzando i raggi gamma provenienti dal canale meno frequente della reazione DT, T(D,γ)⁵He. L’analisi si basa sull’esperienza maturata a JET, dove l’emissione gamma DT è stata recentemente osservata e utilizzata per stimare la potenza di fusione per la prima volta in un tokamak. L’obiettivo dello studio è definire l’intervallo di potenza di fusione in cui tali misure gamma DT potrebbero essere effettuate efficacemente in SPARC. La seconda applicazione riguarda l’impiego della spettroscopia gamma per lo studio degli ioni veloci in plasmi Deuterio–Elio-3 (D–³He) provenienti da esperimenti di tipo Three-Ion Scheme condotti a JET. In questi scenari, una popolazione di deuteroni veloci viene iniettata tramite Neutral Beam Injection e successivamente accelerata mediante Ion Cyclotron Resonance Heating. Utilizzando il sistema Gamma Camera Upgrade equipaggiato con rivelatori LaBr₃:Ce, è possibile raccogliere dati gamma e, attraverso ricostruzioni tomografiche, ottenere profili spaziali di emissività. La reazione D–³He produce prevalentemente una particella alfa e un protone, ma un ramo meno frequente emette un raggio gamma di circa 16 MeV che può essere rilevato dalla Gamma Camera, consentendo la ricostruzione del profilo di nascita delle particelle alfa. Lo scopo di questo lavoro è validare le simulazioni effettuate con il codice TRANSP al JET per tali plasmi, confrontando i risultati sperimentali con i profili sintetici generati dalle simulazioni. L’ultimo studio esplora l’utilizzo di diagnostiche gamma multiple per la rivelazione della radiazione Bremsstrahlung emessa durante eventi di elettroni runaway (RE). L’obiettivo è dimostrare che i rivelatori che osservano il plasma lungo diverse linee di vista possono raccogliere spettri di Bremsstrahlung qualitativamente distinti solo se la distribuzione angolare dei RE non è completamente co-passing (ovvero se non tutti gli elettroni hanno angoli di pitch pari a zero), come invece ipotizzato in alcuni algoritmi che ricavano la distribuzione in energia dei RE a partire dagli spettri di raggi X duri tramite metodi di deconvoluzione. Tale ipotesi deriva da osservazioni sperimentali condotte al JET, dove diversi rivelatori LaBr₃:Ce hanno registrato caratteristiche spettrali differenti durante eventi di RE. Questi risultati suggeriscono che l’impiego di più linee di vista possa offrire l’opportunità di studiare la distribuzione angolare dei RE nei tokamak, fornendo al contempo una comprensione più completa del loro comportamento e dei relativi meccanismi di emissione.

Fugazza, S (2026). Study of Gamma-Ray Diagnostics Based on Cerium-Activated Lanthanum Bromide Detectors in Tokamaks. (Tesi di dottorato, , 2026).

Study of Gamma-Ray Diagnostics Based on Cerium-Activated Lanthanum Bromide Detectors in Tokamaks

FUGAZZA, SIMONE LORENZO
2026

Abstract

Magnetic confinement fusion devices operate in environments with intense particle emissions, which can be measured by dedicated diagnostics to gather information about the state of the plasma. Diagnostics will play a crucial role in the success of future tokamaks for commercial fusion power generation. This thesis explores the use of gamma-ray diagnostics in tokamaks for multiple applications. The Cerium-activated Lanthanum Bromide (LaBr3:Ce) scintillator has been selected as the reference detector, as it represents the state of the art in gamma-ray diagnostics thanks to its high performance and robustness in harsh radiative conditions. The primary study investigates the feasibility of using a LaBr3:Ce-based gamma-ray measurement system to evaluate fusion power at SPARC, a tokamak designed to achieve fusion gains of Q>1 with Deuterium–Tritium (DT) plasmas for the first time in a magnetic confinement fusion device. In present tokamaks, fusion power is typically determined by measuring neutron yields through flux monitors cross-calibrated with activation foils. Here, the possibility of performing analogous measurements using gamma-rays from the rarer DT branch T(D,γ)5He is assessed. The analysis builds on the experience gained at JET, where DT gamma-ray emission was recently observed and used to estimate fusion power for the first time in a tokamak. The study aims to define the fusion power range in which such DT gamma-ray measurements could be effectively performed at SPARC. The second application concerns the use of gamma-ray spectroscopy to study fast ions in Deuterium–Helium-3 (D–3He) plasmas from Three-Ion Scheme experiments at JET. In these scenarios, a fast deuteron population is injected by Neutral Beam Injection and further accelerated via Ion Cyclotron Resonance Heating. Using the Gamma Camera Upgrade system equipped with LaBr3:Ce detectors, gamma-ray data can be collected and, through tomographic reconstructions, spatial emissivity profiles can be obtained. The D–3He reaction predominantly produces an alpha particle and a proton, but a rarer branch emits a ∼16 MeV gamma-ray that can be detected by the Gamma Camera, allowing the reconstruction of the alpha particle birth profile. The aim of this work is to validate TRANSP code simulations performed at JET for these plasmas by comparing experimental results with synthetic profiles generated from the simulations. The last study investigates the use of multiple gamma-ray diagnostics to detect Bremsstrahlung radiation from runaway electron (RE) events. The goal is to demonstrate that detectors observing the plasma along multiple lines of sight can collect qualitatively distinct Bremsstrahlung spectra only if the RE pitch-angle distribution is not fully co-passing (i.e., not all electrons have pitch angles equal to zero), as it has been assumed in algorithms aimed at inferring the RE energy distribution from hard x-ray spectra using deconvolution methods. This hypothesis derives from experimental observations at JET, where different LaBr3:Ce detectors observe distinct spectral features during RE events. These findings suggest that employing multiple lines of sight may provide the opportunity to study the RE pitch-angle distribution in tokamaks, while also offering a more complete understanding of RE behaviour and emission mechanisms.
NOCENTE, MASSIMO
TARDOCCHI, MARCO
Reattori a Fusione; Fusione Nucleare; Raggi-Gamma; Diagnostiche; Potenza di Fusione
Tokamak; Nuclear Fusion; Gamma-Ray; Diagnostics; Fusion Power
English
13-mar-2026
38
2024/2025
open
Fugazza, S (2026). Study of Gamma-Ray Diagnostics Based on Cerium-Activated Lanthanum Bromide Detectors in Tokamaks. (Tesi di dottorato, , 2026).
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/10281/610764
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