This dissertation applies the Health Impact Assessment (HIA) framework to the Bergamo Orio al Serio Airport within the 2030 Masterplan, aiming to model and quantify the potential health effects attributable to airport-related air pollution and aircraft noise on nearby residents. The analysis follows the methodological guidance of ISS, ISPRA and WHO, integrating environmental modelling, administrative health data and standardized epidemiological methods. Incremental concentrations of PM10, PM2.5 and NO2, provided by the airport operator and validated by the University of Milano-Bicocca, were spatially overlaid on the geocoded resident population of surrounding municipalities to estimate the number of residents in each exposure band for pollutants and noise (Lden and Lnight). Health outcomes were retrieved from ATS Bergamo administrative databases using case-finding algorithms based on ICD codes, including all-cause and cause-specific mortality, cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, lung cancer, pediatric asthma, diabetes, low birth weight, hypertension and sleep disturbance. Attributable cases were estimated using both VIIAS and ESSIA methods, applying exposure–response coefficients from meta-analyses and official guidelines, with uncertainty assessed through parametric bootstrap simulations. Results show that airport-related PM2.5 and NO2 emissions affect a small but concentrated share of the population, mainly in Orio al Serio, Grassobbio, Azzano San Paolo and Seriate. Estimated impacts for PM2.5 are below one case per year for major outcomes, consistent with the small incremental concentrations relative to background levels and the adopted risk coefficients. Aircraft noise, by contrast, affects a much larger population: about 28,000 residents are exposed to Lden above 55 dB and 8,700 to Lnight above 50 dB, with 8,115 highly annoyed and 1,803 experiencing high sleep disturbance, along with small increases in ischemic heart disease and hypertension consistent with WHO 2018 exposure–response functions. These findings represent model-based estimates rather than direct empirical evidence but remain epidemiologically coherent with international literature and local exposure patterns. A subsequent Field Study phase, approved by the regional Ethics Committee, will combine an online questionnaire with standardized blood pressure measurements in local pharmacies to verify the coherence between model predictions and observed health indicators. Overall, the dissertation confirms the value of HIA as a decision-support tool in public health and highlights the importance of integrating predictive modelling with empirical monitoring to capture both environmental and psychosocial dimensions of airport-related impacts.

La tesi applica la Valutazione di Impatto sulla Salute (VIS) al caso dell’aeroporto di Bergamo Orio al Serio nel quadro del Masterplan 2030, con l’obiettivo di stimare in modo modellistico gli effetti potenzialmente attribuibili alle emissioni atmosferiche e al rumore aeroportuale sulla popolazione residente. L’approccio segue le linee guida dell’Istituto Superiore di Sanità, dell’ISPRA e dell’Organizzazione Mondiale della Sanità, integrando modellistica ambientale, dati sanitari amministrativi e metodi epidemiologici standardizzati. Le concentrazioni incrementali di PM10, PM2.5 e NO2, fornite dal gestore aeroportuale e validate dall’Università di Milano-Bicocca, sono state sovrapposte alla popolazione geocodificata dei comuni limitrofi, consentendo di stimare il numero di residenti esposti per ciascuna fascia di inquinamento e di rumore (Lden e Lnight). Gli esiti sanitari, individuati nei flussi informativi dell’ATS di Bergamo, sono stati definiti mediante algoritmi basati su codici ICD e hanno incluso mortalità generale e per causa, eventi cardiovascolari e respiratori, tumore del polmone, asma pediatrica, diabete, basso peso alla nascita, ipertensione e disturbi del sonno. I casi attribuibili sono stati stimati con le metodologie VIIAS ed ESSIA, utilizzando coefficienti di rischio tratti da meta-analisi e linee guida internazionali, e propagando l’incertezza con un bootstrap parametrico. I risultati evidenziano che le emissioni aeroportuali di PM2.5 e NO2 coinvolgono una quota ridotta ma concentrata della popolazione, soprattutto nei comuni di Orio al Serio, Grassobbio, Azzano San Paolo e Seriate. Gli impatti stimati per PM2.5, inferiori a un caso annuo per gli esiti principali, risultano coerenti con la scala delle concentrazioni incrementali rispetto al fondo ambientale e con i coefficienti di rischio adottati. Il rumore aeroportuale interessa invece una porzione di popolazione molto più ampia, con circa 28.000 residenti esposti a Lden superiori a 55 dB e 8.700 a Lnight oltre 50 dB. Tra questi, si stimano 8.115 soggetti fortemente disturbati e 1.803 con disturbi del sonno, oltre a piccoli incrementi di cardiopatia ischemica e ipertensione coerenti con i rapporti di rischio WHO 2018. Pur trattandosi di stime modellistiche e non di evidenze empiriche, i risultati indicano un impatto complessivo coerente con la letteratura internazionale e con la distribuzione locale delle esposizioni. La tesi prevede una successiva fase di monitoraggio sul campo (Field Study), già approvata dal Comitato Etico regionale, che comprenderà un questionario online e misurazioni dirette della pressione arteriosa presso farmacie territoriali per verificare la coerenza tra le stime modellistiche e i dati osservati. Il lavoro conferma la rilevanza della VIS come strumento di sanità pubblica per orientare la pianificazione infrastrutturale e suggerisce di integrare la componente predittiva con la verifica epidemiologica per una valutazione più completa degli impatti ambientali e sociali.

Crotti, G (2026). Assessing the health impact of airport-related environmental emissions: the Orio Study within the Italian VIS regulatory framework. (Tesi di dottorato, , 2026).

Assessing the health impact of airport-related environmental emissions: the Orio Study within the Italian VIS regulatory framework

CROTTI, GIACOMO
2026

Abstract

This dissertation applies the Health Impact Assessment (HIA) framework to the Bergamo Orio al Serio Airport within the 2030 Masterplan, aiming to model and quantify the potential health effects attributable to airport-related air pollution and aircraft noise on nearby residents. The analysis follows the methodological guidance of ISS, ISPRA and WHO, integrating environmental modelling, administrative health data and standardized epidemiological methods. Incremental concentrations of PM10, PM2.5 and NO2, provided by the airport operator and validated by the University of Milano-Bicocca, were spatially overlaid on the geocoded resident population of surrounding municipalities to estimate the number of residents in each exposure band for pollutants and noise (Lden and Lnight). Health outcomes were retrieved from ATS Bergamo administrative databases using case-finding algorithms based on ICD codes, including all-cause and cause-specific mortality, cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, lung cancer, pediatric asthma, diabetes, low birth weight, hypertension and sleep disturbance. Attributable cases were estimated using both VIIAS and ESSIA methods, applying exposure–response coefficients from meta-analyses and official guidelines, with uncertainty assessed through parametric bootstrap simulations. Results show that airport-related PM2.5 and NO2 emissions affect a small but concentrated share of the population, mainly in Orio al Serio, Grassobbio, Azzano San Paolo and Seriate. Estimated impacts for PM2.5 are below one case per year for major outcomes, consistent with the small incremental concentrations relative to background levels and the adopted risk coefficients. Aircraft noise, by contrast, affects a much larger population: about 28,000 residents are exposed to Lden above 55 dB and 8,700 to Lnight above 50 dB, with 8,115 highly annoyed and 1,803 experiencing high sleep disturbance, along with small increases in ischemic heart disease and hypertension consistent with WHO 2018 exposure–response functions. These findings represent model-based estimates rather than direct empirical evidence but remain epidemiologically coherent with international literature and local exposure patterns. A subsequent Field Study phase, approved by the regional Ethics Committee, will combine an online questionnaire with standardized blood pressure measurements in local pharmacies to verify the coherence between model predictions and observed health indicators. Overall, the dissertation confirms the value of HIA as a decision-support tool in public health and highlights the importance of integrating predictive modelling with empirical monitoring to capture both environmental and psychosocial dimensions of airport-related impacts.
MANTOVANI, LORENZO GIOVANNI
Impatto sulla Salute; Rumore aeroportuale; Inquinamento; Casi attribuibili; Monitoraggio
Health Impact Assess; Air pollution; Aircraft noise; Attributable cases; Health monitoring
English
23-feb-2026
38
2024/2025
embargoed_20290223
Crotti, G (2026). Assessing the health impact of airport-related environmental emissions: the Orio Study within the Italian VIS regulatory framework. (Tesi di dottorato, , 2026).
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/10281/610759
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